ANT101 EXAM

What are the subfields of Anthropology

Biological anthropology, Cultural anthropology, Linguistic anthropology, Archeology

Describe key areas of research for biological anthropology

Holism, comparison, dynamism, fieldwork

Scientific knowledge

Relies on evidence and rigorous testing and changed over time

Belief

Relies on trust and faith and is typically unchanging

Aristotle

Wrote the history of animals, put them above plants. And a hierarchy for animals and plants.

Al Jahiz

Introduced the ideas and mechanisms of biological evolutions

Lucretius

Argued against supernatural intervention in nature, and proposed new organisms arose then diverged overtime

The three Paradime shifts

Time, diversity and mutability

Darwin

Was born in a wealthy family and was able to get a good education

Wallace

Born into a poor family and dropped out of school at 13 due to financial restraints

The four elements of evolution by natural selection

All populations vary, all populations have the potential to reproduce at a rate in access of the rates of necessary resource increase, competition for limited resources occurs not just between members of different species but also among individuals within species, at any moment in any given circumstance heritable characteristics possessed by an individual x increase the likelihood of successful of reproduction and survival of offspring relative to those of individual why

The structure of DNA

Made of two separate strands that form a spiral latter and each side made of nucleotides

What’s in the nucleotide

A phosphate group, a sugar, a base

4 chemicals in the base

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Purines

Adenine and guanine

Purimiedines

Cytosine and thymine

Ribosome

Creates proteins

3 DNA replication

Initiation, elongation, termination

Helicase

Breaks the hydrogen bonds that pair DNA bases together

Polymerase

Builds new DNA strands and proofreads once replicated

Primase

Starting point for DNA replication

Ligase

Glues DNA fragments together

2 parts to Protein synthesis

Transcription and translation

Transcription

Happens in the nucleus

Translation

Happens in the ribosome

Mitosis

Happens between symatic cells, and identical daughter cells

Miosis

Sex cells or gametes, different daughter cells

Dominant alleles

Shown in phenotype

Genotype

Your genetic makeup for a trait

Phenoptype

Observable, psychological expression of the trait

Recessive alleles

Must have both to be shown in phenotype

Evolution

A change in the allele frequencies in a population over time takes place at the population and not an individual level

Forces of evolution

Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

Anotomic traits of primates

Generalized body plan, opposable thumbs/ big toes, flattened nails, stereoscopic vision, generalized teeth, petrosal bulla, enclosed eye orbit

3 life history variables of primates

Single births/coffspring, large brains relative to body size, extended period of growth

2 behavioural traits if primates

diurnal activity patterns, complex social groups

Poimians/anthropoids division

Based on physical and behavioural traits

Strepphirines/ Haplorhines

Newer division of order primates, based on molecular and morphological evidence

3 forms or primatological study

Captive study, semi free ranging environments, field study

Omnivores

Eat a wide variety of foods

Carnivores

Only or mostly eat meat

Herbivores

Eat mostly plants

Folvores

Eat mostly leaves

Frugavores

Eat mostly fruit

Insectivores

Eat mostly insects

Gummyvores

Eat mostly tree sap

Benefits of group livings

Maximizes food exploitation, shares info on feeding sites, defends food sources, increases mating partners, offers protection from predators, cumnal raising of offspring

Negative effects of group living

Increase competition for food, mating partners, stress, transmission of pathogens and disease

Fossils

Mineralized copies of once living organisms

Fossilization

The preservation of a organism against natural decay

3 steps of fossilization

Stop decay process, sediment accumulation, permineralization

Who oversees excavtion in Ontario

Ministry of citizenship and Multiculturalism, and only licensed archaeologists

4 stages of excavation

Background study, property assessment, site-specific assessment, mitigation

3 circumstances to archaeology

Trenching, cemeteries, underwater archaeology

Academic archeaology

Slower in pace, driven by research question

Applies archaeology

Faster in pace, not driven by research question

Why Piltdown man was accepted in anthropolgy

A white man who found the fossils and had extensive expertise, aligned with past ideas of evolution

Homo naledi

Connected humans to apes

Lumpers

Lump specimens with subtle differences together

Splitters

Split species when there is subtle differences

Examples of lumpers vs splitters debate

Homo ergaster vs homo erectus

Homo hibilis characteristics

Before all other species, after Australopithines, name means handy man, round head, reduced prognathism, human like teeth, less pronounces brow ridge

Homo erectus traits

Name means upright walking man, modern human stature, small teeth than homo hibilis

Homo hiedelbergensis traits

As tall or taller than modern humans, more robust, precursors to neanderthal, possible ancestor of homo sapiens, possible evidence of cannibalism

Neanderthal traits

Adapted to cold climates, bodies were stocky, nasal passages equipped to process icy air, restricted to Europe, and survived ice ages

We directly evolve from

Heidelbergensis

Heidelbergensis

Divided archaic and modern homo sapiens

Anatomically modern homo sapiens

More rounded crania, a gracile skeleton, emerged approximately 200-315 thousand years ago and became the only surviving homo species

3 theories of the rise of homo sapiens

Replacement model, assimilation, multiregional

Most likely theory to be true

Assimilation theory

Future evolution of homo sapiens charcateristic

Have a hunch, a textclaw, second eyelid, thicker skull, smaller brain, techneck

Number of bones in adults

206

Bones in neonates

300

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone

Epiphysis

Cap of the bone

Epiphyseal line

Connecting line between diaphysis an epiphysis

Metaphysis

Neck justs prior of epiphysis

Trabecular bone

Inside spongy and porous

Cortical bone

External surface of bone

Anterior

Front

Posteriror

Back

Cronal/frontal plane

Splits middle of head vertically down front and back

Sagital plane

Splits you from the middle and outward

Medial

Bone close to midline

Laterial

Bone further from midline

Transverse horizontal plane

Divided into the superior in inferior

Proximal orientation

Close to chest cavity, approximation to thorax

Distal orientation

Far from joining to the thorax

Axial skeleton

The skull and the thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton

Arms legs and pelvis bones

Sutures

Fibres connected tissue that is used to fuse bones

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth (20)

How many adult teeth

30

Odontology

The study of teeth and diseases of teeth

Dicidous teeth dental formula

2102

Insissors

Straight flat teeth at front

Canines

Sharp teeth next to insissors

Premolars

Smaller then molars next to canines and molars

Molars

Teeth at back of mouth

Permanent teeth dental formula

2123