Kin 272 Exam 2

Hydrostatic pressure moves fluid out of capillary at arterial end of capillary

filtration

Osmotic pressure pulls water back into capillary at venous end of capillary

reabsorption

Interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels, clear liquid

Lymph

Forces fluid out of blood in the capillaryes

Hydrostatic pressure

Fluid surrounding the body’s cells

Interstitial fluid

forces fluid into blood in the capillaries

blood osmotic pressure

______ _____ → _______ _____ → ______ → _________

blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, bloodstream

What is the function of lymph?
A. Returns excess fluid to the bloodstream

B. Transports fat absorbed from the digestive system

C. Carries immune cells and helps defend against infection

D. All of the above

D

interstitial fluid → lymphatic capillaries → larger lymphatic vessels → lymph nodes → lymphatic ducts → bloodstream

process of lymph drainage

Lymph travels through lymphatic vessels in multiple/one direction towards the heart

one

Lymph is filtered through the _____ _____.

lymph nodes

_______ in the lymph nodes help destroy pathogens and foreign substance

leukocytes

lymph returns to the _______

bloodstream

T/F: the lymphatics are a low pressure system

true

T/F: lymph is pumped through the lymphatic system by the heart, just as blood is pumped through blood vessels

False

T/F: skeletal muscle contractions can help move lymph through lymphatic vessels

true

T/F: breathing has no effect on lymph movement because the respiratory system and lymphatic system are separate

false

T/F: larger lymphatic ducts contain no smooth muscle and rely entirely on gravity to move lymph

false

At the arterial end of a capillary , why does fluid move out of the capillary?
A. osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure

B. hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

C. No pressure gradient exists

D. Proteins have left the blood

B

The arterial end of the capillary is filtration/no net movement/reabsorption

filtration

the mid capillary part of the artery is filtration/no net movement/reabsorption

no net movement

the venous end of the capillary is filtration/no net movement/reabsorption

reabsorption

At the venous end of a capillary, fluid moves back into the capillary because:
A. Osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure

B. Hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

C. Hydrostatic pressure equals osmotic pressure

D. Blood pressure is zero

A

Which force is primarily responsible for pulling water into the capillary?
A. Hydrostatic pressure

B. Blood pressure

C. Blood osmotic pressure

D. Gravity

c

A patient has very low blood protein levels. What would you predict happens to capillary reabsorption?
A. Reabsorption increases

B. Reabsorption decreases

C. Filtration stops completely

D. Hydrostatic pressure disappears

At the arterial end, _____ pressure is greater than ______ pressure, resulting in ________.

hydrostatic, osmotic, filtration

At the venous end, _______ pressure is greater than ________ pressure, resulting in _________.

osmotic, hydrostatic, reabsorption

T/F: Hydrostatic pressure tends to push fluid out of capillaries

true

T/F: osmotic pressure is mainly produced by proteins that remain in the blood

true

T/F: The arterial end of a capillary is normally the primary site of reabsorption

False

A person with increased hydrostatic pressure in their capillaries would cause more/less filtration

more

swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues

edema

major causes of edema: increased _____ pressure, decreased ______ pressure, increased _______ pressure

hydrostatic, osmotic, lymphatic

Example of increased hydrostatic pressure

high blood pressure

Example of decreased osmotic pressure

protein deficit/liver failure

Example of increased lymphatic pressure

a blockage

Inflammation causes edema. Why?

a. Increased hydrostatic pressure increases filtration from the capillaries

b. Decreased hydrostatic pressure increases filtration from the capillaries

c. The osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is increased

d. The osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is decreased

d

Which of the following are common symptoms of edema?

a. Swelling

b. Stretched skin

c. Pitting

d. puffiness

e. all of the above

e

primary lymphatic organs

bone marrow, thymus

secondary lymphatic organs

tonsils, MALT, spleen, lymph nodes, peyer’s patch, appendix

Organ: produces blood cells. Site where B lymphocytes mature

bone marrow

organ: site where T lymphocytes mature, recognize and attack infected or abnormal

thymus

organ: trap pathogens entering the mouth and nose, helps initiate immune responses

tonsils

organ: lymphoid tissue in mucosa associated with gastrointestinal tract, found along mucosal linings

MALT

organ: filters blood and helps remove old red blood cells, contain B and T cells to help detect blood-borne pathogens

spleen

organ: Small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body, such as in the neck, armpits, and groin. They filter lymph and contain lymphocytes that help identify and fight infection

lymph nodes

organ: Clusters of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine, monitor intestinal bacteria and pathogens

peyer’s patch

organ: Contains lymphoid tissue that helps monitor pathogens in the digestive tract, can serve as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria

appendix

lymph normally travels from

a. The heart towards the veins

b. The heart towards the arteries

c. From lymphatic capillaries towards lymph nodes and the venous circulation

d. From lymphatic capillaries towards lymph nodes and the arterial circulation

c

the largest lymphatic vessels return lymph to

a. The interstitial fluid

b. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

c. The digestive system

d. The circulatory system

d

inflammation makes capillaries more ______

leaky

a type of white blood cell that protects the body by engulfing, consuming, and destroying harmful foreign particles, bacteria, dying cells, and cellular debris

phagocyte

a white blood cell of the immune system that helps the body fight infections, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other diseases

leukocyte

Type of leukocyte that plays a key role in the immune response

Makes antibodies and attacking infected cells

Adaptive immune system

lymphocytes

phagocytes are part of ______ immunity

innate

lymphocytes are part of ______ immunity

adaptive

Study of the immune system and how the body defends itself against diseases and infections

immunology

Why is the innate immune system considered “nonspecific”?

a. It responds the same way to all pathogens

b. It requires prior exposure to the pathogen

c. It produces antibodies specific to antigens

A

A secondary immune response is

a. Weaker than a primary response due to activation of suppressor T and B cells

b. Weaker than a primary response due to activation of neutrophils

c. Stronger than a primary response due to activation of memory T and B cells

d. Stronger than a primary immune response due to activation of neutrophils

c

Which of the following would increase lymph formation?

A. Increased blood pressure

B. Increased plasma oncotic (osmotic) pressure

C. Both of the above

D. None of the above

A

Which of the following would decrease lymph formation?

A. Increased blood pressure

B. Increased plasma osmotic pressure

C. Both of the above

D. None of the above

B

Tonsils

A. Monitor lymph for pathogens

B. Are considered primary lymphoid organs

C. Monitor mucous membranes for pathogens that could enter the body

D. Filter blood

C

The spleen

A. Hosts stem cells that produce lymphocytes

B. Defends against pathogens in the digestive tract

C. Filters blood and helps remove old red blood cells

D. Increases blood pressure when stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system

C

The lymphatics are a

A. High pressure system

B. Low pressure system

C. There is no pressure difference between small and large lymphatic vessels

B

The largest lymphatic vessels return lymph to

A. The interstitial fluid

B. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

C. The digestive system

D. The circulatory system

D

Elevating a sprained ankle prevents swelling  because it

A. Decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure. 

B. Increases capillary hydrostatic pressure. 

C. Decreases plasma osmotic pressure. 

D. Increases plasma osmotic pressure.

A

Ice prevents swelling of a sprained ankle because it

A. Causes constriction of arterioles, decreasing capillary blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. 

B. Causes dilation of arterioles, decreasing capillary blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. 

C. Decreases plasma osmotic pressure. 

D. Increases plasma osmotic pressure.

A

Ace bandages prevent swelling of a sprained ankle because they

A. Increase plasma osmotic pressure.

B. Decrease the pressure gradient between vessels and the interstitial space.

C. Increase the pressure gradient between vessels and the interstitial space.

B

When we tear ligaments in our ankle, we call it a sprained.  Sprained ankles swell because

A. An inflammatory response decreases the plasma osmotic pressure gradient.

B. An inflammatory response increases blood pressure. 

C. An inflammatory response decreases blood pressure.

D. An inflammatory response increases the plasma osmotic pressure gradient.

A

Pressure moves fluid into the lymphatics because

A. More fluid is reabsorbed into capillaries than filtered into the interstitial space

B. More fluid is filtered into the interstitial space than reabsorbed into capillaries

C. Plasma is pushed backward from the right atrium into lymphatic vessels

D. Plasma is pushed backwards from the left atrium into lymphatic vessels

E. The spleen filters blood and pumps it through the lymphatic vessels

B

Many choice: Which of the following might be a cause of edema?

Hypotension (low blood pressure)

A. Inflammation

B. High plasma protein concentration due to dehydration

A

Many choice: Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs?

A. Red bone marrow

B. Lymph nodes

C. The interstitial space

B

Many choice: Primary lymphoid organs include

A. Bone marrow

B. Thymus

C. Spleen

A, B

Lymph normally travels from

A. The heart towards the veins

B. The heart towards the arteries

C. From lymphatic capillaries towards lymph nodes and the venous circulation

D. From lymphatic capillaries towards lymph nodes and the arterial circulation

C

Inflammation causes edema. Why?

A. Increased hydrostatic pressure increases filtration from the capillaries

B. Decreased hydrostatic pressure increases filtration from the capillaries

C. The osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is increased

D. The osmotic pressure gradient between plasma and the interstitial space is decreased

D

A secondary immune response is

A. Weaker than a primary response due to activation of suppressor T and B cells

B. Weaker than a primary response due to activation of neutrophils

C. Stronger than a primary response due to activation of memory T and B cells

D. Stronger than a primary immune response due to activation of neutrophils

C

A lymph node

A. Monitors blood for pathogens

B. Filters blood and removes old red blood cells

C. Produces lymphocytes

D. Filters lymph

E. All of the above

D

Cytotoxic T-Cells are also known as

A. Class 1 MHC cells

B. Class 2 MHC cell

C. CD4 cells

D. CD8 cells

E. NK cells

D

Why might this year’s flu vaccine not be effective next year?

A. Mutations in our B cells would alter the antibodies produced

B. Mutations in our T cells would alter our cellular immunity

C. Mutations in the flu virus could alter the shape of its antigens

D. Mutations in the flu virus could alter the shape of its antibodies

C

A secondary immune response is ________ than a primary response.

A. Stronger and faster

B. Weaker and slower

C. The same strength and speed as

A

All nucleated cells display antigens on which cell surface marker?

A. B cell receptor

B. T cell receptor

C. Class 1 MHC

D. Class 2 MHC

E. CD8

C

Which of the following secrete antibodies?

A. Helper T cells

B. Cytotoxic T cells

C. Plasma cells

D. Macrophages

E. Neutrophils

C

When we receive a vaccine, which of the following is the first step in activation of an immune response?

A. Production of memory cells

B. Activation of specific lymphocytes

C. Display of antigen on an antigen-presenting cell

D. Phagocytosis

E. Penetration of surface barriers

E

MHC class 1 molecules are

A. Displayed on all nucleated cells and interact with the CD8 T cell protein

B. Displayed on all nucleated cells and interact with the CD4 T cell protein

C. Displayed on only antigen-presenting cells and interact with the CD8 T cell protein

D. Displayed on only antigen-presenting cells and interact with the CD4 T cell protein

A

In order for a vaccine to work, we require

A. Helper T cells

B. Memory T cells

C. Memory B cells

D. Cells of the innate immune system

E. All of the above

E

Cytotoxic T cells display

A. Class 2 MHC proteins

B. B cell receptors

C. CD 4 surface markers

D. CD 8 surface markers

D

A cell infected by a virus would be killed by a

A. B cell

B. Helper T cell

C. Cytotoxic T cell

D. Epithelial cell

E. Fibroblast

C

A cancer cell displaying a specific mutation on its cell surface would be killed by

A. B cell

B. Helper T cell

C. Cytotoxic T cell

D. Epithelial cell

E. Fibroblast

C

Assume that someone who has been sick with a disease called cowpox becomes immune to smallpox. Which of the following could you deduce about the smallpox? Assume you have no further information about the diseases and pathogens.  

A. The smallpox pathogen has antibodies that look like cowpox.

B. The smallpox pathogen has antigens that look like cowpox. 

C. Smallpox and cowpox must be caused by viruses.  

D. Smallpox and cowpox must be caused by bacteria.  

E. None of these choices are logical conclusions.

B

An effective response to a vaccine requires CD4 cells.

A. True

B. False

A

Many choice: We are born with which of the following components of the immune system?

A. Surface barriers

B. Phagocytes

C. Natural killer cells

D. Antimicrobial proteins

A, B, C, D

Which of the following cells could be activated to produce antibodies?

A. CD4

B. CD8

C. B cells

D. NK cells

E. Macrophages

C

An effective response to a vaccine requires cells of the innate immune system.

A. True

B. False

A

When we receive a vaccine, which of the following is responsible for better defense against disease?

A. Production of memory cells

B. Activation of specific lymphocytes

C. Display of antigen on an antigen-presenting cell

D. Phagocytosis

E. Penetration of surface barriers

A

Many choice: Which of the following is a cell of the innate immune system?

A. Memory B cell

B. Plasma cell

C. Neutrophil

D. Memory T cell

E. Cytotoxic T cell

C

The cause of an autoimmune disease is

A. We are unable to activate our immune cells so are susceptible to secondary infections

B. We are unable to activate our immune cells so fail to produce lymph

C. Our immune cells become sensitized to extracellular foreign pathogens

D. Our immune cells become sensitized to intracellular foreign pathogens

E. Our immune cells recognize an antigen that is normally present in our bodies

E

A study has found that the smallpox vaccine provides protection  over the time course of decades. The vaccine against smallpox does not protect against the flu.  These observations are due to which of the following facts?  Choose every correct answer.  

A. The adaptive immune response is specific.  

B. The adaptive immune response provides memory

C. The innate immune response is specific. 

D. The innate immune response has memory

A, B

Helper T-cells are known as

A. Class 1 MHC cells

B. Class 2 MHC cells

C. CD4 cells

D. CD8 cells

E. NK cells

C

White blood cells begin development in

A. The thymus

B. The bone marrow

C. The spleen

D. The appendix

E. Lymph nodes

B

The risk of infection following a cut results from compromised function of

A. B cell

B. T cell

C. NK cell

D. Macrophage

E. Surface barriers

E