Unit 2 Manual Bio 181

What are the two parts of cell theory?

All organisms are made of cells, all cells come from preexisting cells

What is the pattern of cell theory?

all organisms are made of cells

What is the process of cell theory?

All cells come from preexisting cells

who coined the term "cell"?

robert hook

who discovered bacteria and protozoa

van leeuwenhoek

who proposed unified cell theory?

schlieden and schwann

what are all cells bound by?

a membrane

what does a membrane do?

separate the outside and the inside

what are the two categories of cells?

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

what are the main traits of prokarotes?

lack a membrane bound nucleus and various membrane bound organelles

what are the maIn traits of eukaryotes

have a membrane bound nucleus and various membrane bound organelles

which type of cell is larger?

eukaryotes

which type of cell has a diverse cytoskeleton?

eukaryotic

how to prokaryotic cells reproduce?

binary fission, they split themselves into 2 equal halves

what are the two ways eukaryotic cells reproduce?

mitosis and cytokinesis

what is mitosis

partitioning copies of their chromosomes

what is cytokinesis

splitting their cells in half

2 main implications of cell theory

organisms are related by common ancestry, and structure = function

what kind of cell has no dependence on other cells

single/unicellular

what type of cell is a cluster of clones, but a singular cell can still survive?

colony of organisms

what kind of cell is a cluster of single cells with physical connections and interdependent individuals?

colonial organisms

what kind of cell is a group of cells that have similar structure and function as a unit?

tissue

size of prokaryotes

less than 1.0 micrometers in diameter

what type of cell tends to form biofilm?

prokaryotes

what is biofilm

a mushroom-like gooey, communal arrangement of cells found in nature

what formation is highly resistant to antibiotics

biofilm

what is the best analogy for a cell wall?

pillar

what does the cell wall provide?

rigidity and strength

what does a gram-positive prokaryote mean?

it has a lot of cell wall material

what does a gram-negative prokaryote mean?

thin cell wall material

what are flagella

extensions that protrude out of the cell and spin like propellers for movement

what is the outermost feature of prokaryotes?

cell wall

what are the functions of the cell wall

protects the cells, gives shape and structure

what forms the mesh cell wall in most bacteria?

peptidoglycan

do prokaryotes have internal membranes?

no

do prokaryotes have a selectively permeable cell membrane?

yes

where is the selectively permeable cell membrane in relation to the cell wall in prokaryotes?

just inside the cell wall

what does the cell membrane enclose

the cytoplasm

where do many of the cell's metabolic processes occur?

the selectively permeable cell membrane

what type of cell has circular double-stranded DNA chromosome?

prokaryotes

where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell

the "nucleoid" region

ribosomes function

protein synthesis; aid in reading of genetic materials to build protein

what type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

70s

what do the ribosomes contain?

both RNA and protein molecules

what is the cytoskeleton of prokaryotes made of

protein filaments

what does the cytoskeleton provide?

shape and structure

do all species of prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton

no

why do eukaryotes possess membrane-bound organelles?

they are large, so its difficult for molecules to diffuse across the entire cell

size of eukaryotes

10-100 micrometers

what does compartmentalization do for eukaryotes

increases the efficiency of chemical reactions

what is the order of the flow of instructions of eukaryotes in simple terms?

DNA - RNA - Protein

def for: membrane-enclosed structure that performs specific functions

organelle

why do you go from DNA to RNA in the flow of instructions of eukaryotes?

because ribosomes cannot read DNA

what organelles are contained in animal cells but not plant cells?

centrioles

what organelles are contained in plant cells but not animal cells?

cell wall, chloroplast

def for: highly organized info storage/retrieval compartment of the cell

nucleus

what shape of chromosomes for eukaryotes?

linear

what shape of chromosomes for prokaryotes?

circular

what structure contains the cell's DNA in the nucleus?

chromatin

what is chromatin

a complex mixture of DNA and proteins that packs long DNA molecules into a compact, organized form inside a cell's nucleus

how many pairs of chromosomes in a cell

23

what surrounds the nucleus?

nuclear envelope

structure of the nuclear envelope

double membrane consisting of two lipid bilayers

what two structures are the outermost nuclear bilayer associated with?

ER and ribosomes

what structure is the innermost nuclear bilayer associated with

lamias proteins

what are the nuclear pore complexes?

thousands of very large openings in the nuclear envelope

function of the nuclear pore complexes

transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus and cytoplasm

2 functions of the nucleus

DNA replication, synthesis of RNA molecules

what are the three kinds of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

what organelle is responsible for RNA production

nucleolus

how many membranes does the endoplasmic reticulum have

one

what is the endomembrane system in simple terms

a network of membranes and organelles that is responsible for protein and lipid synthesis and secretion

what is associated with the RER

ribosomes

what kind of ribosomes are in eukaryotes?

80s

what is the Rough ER the site of

protein synthesis (translation)

what is the conversion that happens in the rough ER

mRNA to protein

what is the structure of the rough ER

a series of folded membranes

where is the site of protein synthesis

rough ER

is what organelle are the molecular chaperones located?

rough ER

in which organelle does glycosylation occur?

rough ER and golgi apparatus

what process activates proteins?

glycosylation

what is glycosylation?

adding sugars to a protein

why does glycosylation occur?

to ID the proteins and tell where the protein needs to go

what are vesicles?

small spheres of membrane that "bud" off the ER and golgi to carry lipids and proteins to their appropriate targets

what is phosphorylation?

adding a phosphate group to a protein

what is added in phosphorylation?

kinase

what is removed in phosphorylation?

phosphate

what kind of ribosome has 60s + 40s as subunits

80s

what kind of ribosome has 50s + 30s as subunits

70s

where are the free floating ribosomes found

cytosol, the fluid part of the cell cytoplasm

what does the smooth ER lack?

ribosomes

what is the main function of the smooth ER

synthesis of lipids

what organ in animals is filled with smooth ER?

liver

what do products leave the ERs in?

vesicle

The Golgi Apparatus is thought of as a ____________

FedEx; distributing center

what organelle receives lipids and proteins from the RER and SER

golgi apparatus

what is the receiving area of the golgi apparatus?

cis face

what is the cis face?

the face nearest the ER

what do the lipids and proteins pass through in the golgi?

cisternae

cisternae structure

flattened, sac-like compartments