Anatomy Chapter 14 Review

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Supplies the body’s transportation needs

What makes sure each cell is surrounded by fluid that is contantly replenished with oxygen, water, and nutrients as they are used up by a cell

The Cardiovascular system

What is The Cardiovascular system constantly replenished with?

Oxygen, water, and nutrients

In the Cardiovascular system, where are waste products found?

In extracellular fluid

In The Cardiovascular system, what happens to the waste products in the extracellular fluid?

It is continually removed as it’s released from cells

In the cardiovascular system, why does blood pick up substances from various parts of the body and deliver them to others?

To maintain homeostasis

What does the blood do and what happens if it stops?

It’s always beating to keep blood flowing, if it stops life stops

What is the size and shape of the heart?

About the size of a closed fist, and it is a triangular shaped organ

Where is the heart located?

In the center of the chest, in the mediastinum(a subdivision in the mid-portion of the thoracic cavity)

How much of the heart is on the left side and how much is on the right?

2/3 is on the left and 1/3 is on the right

Where does the apex (blunt point) lie and which way does it point?

It lies on the diaphragm and points to the left

True or False, the heart is a hollow organ?

True

How many chambers are there of the heart?

4

Where is the right and left atria located and what is their function?

upper part of the heart, and they are receiving chambers

True or false, the ventricles are smaller than the atrium?

false

Compared to the ventricles things of the atrium is much less?

Less muscular and thinner walls

What forms ear-like pouching auricle?

Both atria

Where is the interracial septum located?

Between the atrial chambers

Why does the interracial septum sperate the atrial chambers?

Because you don’t want to mix different oxygenated bloods.

Where is the left and right located, and what is their function?

The lower part of the heart, and they are the pumping/discharging chambers

Where is the interventricular septum located?

Between ventricles

What is myocardium?

Heart muscle tissue

What is the thin layer of very smooth tissue that lines each chamber of the heart?

The endocardium

2 layers of tissue w/ small space between- covers heart?

Pericardium

What covers the heart?

The Pericardium

How many layer does the Pericardium have?

2

What are the two kinds of Pericardiums that cover the heart

The visceral and epicardium

Is the visceral or epicardium the inner layer?

The epicardium, it covers the heart the way an apple skin covers an apple

How does the parietal fit around the heart?

loosly, like a loose-fitting sack (outer layer)

What is the outer layer of the heart?

The parietal

Why does the parietal fit loose?

To leave room for the heart to beat

What is between the heart and the pericardial sac that acts as a lubricant?

pericardial fluid

What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cava?

To send blood into the right atrium

How many pulmonary veins are there?

4

Where does blood go from the pulmonary veins?

The left atrium from the lungs

What does the right ventricle pump blood out of?

The pulmonary Artery

What artery does the left ventricle pump blood out of?

The Aorta

What is the longest vessel in the body?

The Aorta

What are the two AV valves?

The biscupid/mitral or tricuspid valve

Where is the bicuspid valve located between?

The left atrium and ventricle

What does the Mitral Valve prevent?

backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contrat

Where is the tricuspid valve located between?

The right atrium and ventricle

What is chordae tendineae?

String-like structures that attach the AV valves to the wall of the ventricles(like anchors)

Valves between the two ventricles and the large arteries carrying blood out of them

Semilunar Valves

What artery’s are seperated by the semilunar valves?

The corta and pulmonary artery

A pump that keeps blood moving through a closed circuit of blood vessels?

the heart

How many pumps does the heart act as that are divided by a septum?

2 seperate pumps

Movement of red oxygenated blood from left ventricle through the body?

Systematic circulation

Movement of “blue” oxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs

Pulmonary circulation

Why does blood appear blue?

When seen through the veins

Delivery of oxygen and nutrient rich arterial blood to cardiac muscle tissue & the return of oxygen poor blood from this active tissue to the venous system

Coronary circulation

True or false, the red blood is pumped from the left ventricle through a semilunar valve out of the aorta to the body?

False red blood is pumped out of the RIGHT ventricle

True or False, from the body “blue” blood empties into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava s?

True

True or false, the red blood goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle?

False it is BLUE blood

True or false, the right ventricle pumps the blue blood through a semilunar valve out of the pulmonary artery to the left ventricle

False its out of the pulmonary artery to the lungs

what happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide when the right ventricle pumps the blue blood through a semilunar valve out of the pulmonary artery to the lungs?

Oxygen is added and carbon dioxide is lost.

True or false, red blood comes back from the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium?

True

True or False, the blood goes through the tricuspid valve to the left ventricle?

False it is the BICUSPID valve

What happens of there is a hole in the septum?

“blue” blood will go into the left ventricle and circulate again through the body

If there is a hole in the septum does it need fixed?

YES

What is the steps of the blood circulation throughout the heart

1.) Starts at the left ventricle

2.) goes up through the Aortic semilunar valve

3.) then through the Aorta

4.)Then travels into the body

5.) then from the body goes through the inferior and superior vena cavas

6.) next travels into the right atrium

7.) then through the tricuspid valve

8.) then into the right ventricle

9.) then up through the pulmonary semilunar valve

10.) into the pulmonary artery, then goes into the lungs

11.) then from the lungs goes into the pulmonary veins

12.) then goes down into the left atrium

13.) then through the bicuspid valve

14.) then ends up right back into the left ventricle

How many distinct heart sounds in every heartbeat are there?

2

What are the 2 distinct sounds in every heartbeat commonly referred to as?

Lup dup

What is lub dup?

the beating of the heart

What is the first sound of lub dup cause by?

The closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves as the ventricles contract

What does the closing of valves prevent?

The blood from backing up into the atria.

What is the second sound of lub dup cause by?

The closing of both the semilunar valves as the ventricles relax.

Which sound of lub dup has a longer duration and lower pitch?

the 1st

True or false, the heartbeat is irregular?

false

How long does it take for a heart beat to complete a cycle, and if its beating at what bpm?

0.8 seconds of the heart is beating at 72 bpm

What is contraction of the atria and ventricles called?

systole

What is the average resting heart rate?

72 bpm

What is stroke volume?

The volume of blood pumped by the ventricles during each beat.

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute?

Cardiac output

What is the average cardiac output in a normal resting adult?

5 liters

Why do both atrial wall contract at the same time?

Becuase all their fibers are electrically linked

True or false, both ventricles will contract about at the same time

True

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

The rate of the heartbeat

What causes the heart to beat?

Electrical impulses

Where do the electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat come from?

They originate from the heart itself, and from a bundle of special tissue at the superior vena cava and the right atriu called the SA node.

What is it called when the impulses originate from a bundle of special tissue at the superior vena cava and the right atria?

The SA node

What does the electrical impulses travel over that causes them to contract?

The atria

What is the SA node also known as?

sinoatrial

What is the SA node/ sinoatrial also known as?

Your natural pacemaker

What is the AV node also known as?

atrioventricular

What is the bundle of tissue at the right atrium along the lower part of the interracial septum?

The AV node

What relays the impulses to the bundle of his?

The AV node

what is the bundle of his also known as?

the AV bundle

When the AV node relays the impulses to the bundle of his then through a series of branching fibers called?

Purkinje system

Where is the AV bundle located?

in the septum of the ventricle

Where are purkinje fibers located?

in the walls of the ventricles

What does the purkinje system spread over and cause to contract?

the ventricles

What is it called when the heart conduction system generates tiny electric currents that spread through surrounding tissues to the surface of the body?

Electrocardiography

What can the signals of tiny electric currents in the heart be picked up by?

An electrocardigraph

What are examples of an electrocardiograph?

ECG and EKG

A graphic record of the activity of the heart?

electrocardiogram

Electrical activity that triggers contraction of the heart muscle

depolarization

When does repolarization occur?

Just before the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle activity

What are the 3 deflections?

P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave

What is the P-wave

depolarization of the atria