AB Psych e2

ASD+PTSD Criteria: Stressor

Direct Exposure, witnessing ot inderectly learning that someone close to them has been exposed to trauma or a violent/accidental death.
First Responders: Repeated/extreme indirect exposure to details of events or traumas (body part collection/details of child abuse)

ASD+PTSD Criteria: Instrusion symptoms

Intrustive persistent relivings of said trauma
-Intrusive memories
- nightmares

- dissocicative reactions/flashbacks (brief or to the point of going unconcious)

-Prolonged/distress after esposure to triggers

- physiologic reactivity after exposure to related stimuli

ASD+PTSD Criteria: Avoidance

Persistant avoidance of triggers/stimuli

-trauma related thoughts/feelings

-Trauma related external reminders

ASD+PTSD Criteria:Negative Alterations in Cognitions & Mood

(2 required for this one)
Decline in mood/cognition after trauma

- Struggle to recall key features of the trauma

-Persistant negative beliefs/expectations about oneself and the world

- Persistant/distorted blame of self/others for the event

-Constant negative trauma related emotions

-anhedonia

-Feeling Alientated

- Numbness/inability to feel postive emotions

ASD+PTSD Criteria: Alterations in Arousal & Reactivity

Changes in arousal/behavior post-trauma

-irritable/agressive

-self destructive/recklessness

-hypervigilance

-Hightened/Exaggerated Startle Response
-Concentration Issues

-Sleep issues

acute stress disorder

Symptoms occur within 4 weeks of trauma and last less than a month

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Symptoms appear at any given time after trauma but last more than a month

Biological Model for Trauma

Flight or flight responses, Blames the Sympathetic Nervous System, HPA axis and Genetics

Cognitive Model For trauma

Principle of multifinality

Similar biological and environmental predispositions early in life may have very different health outcomes depending on the presence, timing and intersections of risk factors

Principle of equifinality

Different initial stress pathways can lead to the same outcome, such as developing PTSD, depending on risk factors

HPA axis

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
Hypthothalumus, Pututary gland and Adrenal Gland

Fight Or Flight

Danger: Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system → fight-or-flight.

Safety: Parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to normal.

Eustress

Healthy stress for the body

Harms of Stress on phsysiology

•Chronic stress increases risks of:

•Heart disease

•Hypertension

•Digestive issues

•Weakened immune system response

•Poor sleep à sleep deprivation à increased stress

•Anxiety, stress, and depressive disorders

Acculturative stress

Espescially in immigrents: Pressure to adjust to a host or mainstream culture.

Adjustment Disorders

Maladapitive reaction to stressors; impared functioning or higher distress than normative

Treatment For Veterans

antidepressant drug therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy

couple or family therapy

group therapy

written exposure therapy (WET)

therapists have the individuals repeatedly write about their difficult feelings and memories

Prolonged Exposure

therapists direct clients to confront not only trauma-related objects and situations but also their painful memories of traumatic experiences

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of the objects and situations they ordinarily try to avoid

Clinical Depression

persistent, impairing, and involves multiple symptoms; normal sadness is usually temporary

mania/manic episode

Opposite of depression, Exceptionally high mood or irate; increased energy

Hypomania/ hypomanic episode

Mild mania that alternates with depressive episodes w/ little impairment

mood syndrome

A cluster of symptoms involving abnormal mood and related emotional/behavioral changes

mood disorder

A pattern of mood episodes

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Depressive episodes with a recurring seasonal pattern

anhedonia

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

lithium

Used for Bipolar disorder, especially mania and long-term mood stabilization.

antipsychotics/bipolar disorder

Treat mania, psychosis, and some bipolar depressive symptoms.

“combo” drugs

EX: Lamictal
Different medications target different symptoms, such as mania, depression, and psychosis

digital computer interface devices

EX: Motif’s DOT

Wireless minimally invasive treatment, fast acting

Stimulation on the brains cortex.

Small blueberry sized stimulation implanted to skull, simulated by a cap. This device can also find biomarkers

major depressive disorder (MDD)

The individual has experienced at least 1 major depressive episode.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD):

consistent depressed mood for at least 2 years (for adults) without an interval of normal mood for at least 2 months.

= Depression

Low serotonin + low norepinephrine

= Mania

Low serotonin + high norepinephrine

The Psychodynamic View (Depression)

explains depression as the result of unconscious conflicts, repressed anger, and unresolved losses from early childhood

The Biological View (depression)

found higher rates of suicide among the parents and close relatives of suicidal people than among those of nonsuicidal people