science 30 acids and bases

Manipulated variable

a condition you are intentionally changing

responding variable

a condition you are measuring after you change the manipulated variable

controlled variable

condition that is kept constant

what is a solution

one substance disolves evenly into another

how many ways are there to classify a solution

4

why are there 4 ways to classify a solution

because not every solution behaves the same way

what is an ion

an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge

• they cane ither be + or -

why do ions have a charge

because in order for these atoms to form a bond they either steal or accept an electron

how does an ion become positive

they lose an electron

• electrons are negitively charged

how do ions become negitive?

they gain an electron

what is a molecule

a group of atoms that share electrons to form a bond.

define ionic compound

electrons are transfrered from one atom to another → those become ions because one iether lost or gained an electron, then the positive and negitive ions atract to eachother to form an ionic bond.

• na cl

• NA+ CL- —→ when these are floating freely in a solution it forms conductivity

• NA+CL- —→ more stable

define molecular compond

Atoms that share electrons to form an induvidual molecule

how do we know if something is acidic basic or neutral

the PH scale

• or litmus paper for acids and bases

acidc solution litmus paper

blue —> red

basic solution litmus paper

red → blue

how does the reactivity of a solution with ZN/Mg matter

ZN/MG react with hydronium ions in an acidic solution

what are hydronium ions

when a water molecule accepts a nother nydrogen going from h2o → h30

• the more hydronium ions present the more acidic a solution is

• h30 up PH down

• h30 down PH up

what is the Bronsted Lowery definition of acids and bases

Acids are proton donors

Baces are proton acceptors

what is a proton

a hydrogen ion

properties of acid base reactions

• on both side of the arrows there will be one acid and one base

• if something is an acid on one side it is a base on the other

• acid base pair are very similar so they are called conjugates

• congugates differ by a single proton

what does PH stand for

power of hydronium

what are the 2 properties that determine the strength of acids

• strength

• ph

what doess aqueos mean

it dissolves in water

• all acids are aqueos

what are always the 2 produces that form after an acid is dissolved in water?

conjygate & base

what makes an acid acidic

hydronium ions are responsible for the acidic property of a solution

what deos the strength of an acids mean

how much of the acid becomes hydronium in water

how do stong acids react in a solution

they completely dissociate in water into a hydronium and conjugate base

• there solution is nto reversible →

how do weak acids react in a solution

partially dissociate into hydronium and a conjugate base

• there solution is reversable ←→

• 
  

identifying acids or bases

how do we know if smth is an acid

it starts with an H

identifying acids or bases

how do we know if smth is an base

it ends in OH

• exception is NH3

acid deposition

any acidic substance that falls to the ground

what does anthropogenic mean

cause, produced or of human influence or activity rather then natural causes

acid depostition negitive effects on the enviroment ( abotic)

corrosion

leaching of metals →where water draws toxic substance into the soil and deeper into the ground

concrete degradtion

acid deposition on living things

lower PH of soil

Lower PH of bodies of water

impact of metal leaching on food chains → bioaccumulation

what is photochemical smog

sunlight causes excess NO2 to decompose into NO and O

• this created molecules are oxygen radicals → highly reactive

• o radical latches onto O2 in the atmosphere and produces 03 which is ozone

why is ozone bad

• it blocks dangerous uv rays in the upper atmosphere → global warming

• it is an irratent and causes resperatory illnesses in the lower atmosphere

what is coal washing

desulfurization in coal

what is a scrubber

fuel gas treatment

• uses CA and CO3 to produce gypsum which is a liquid substance to absorbe unwanted components like NO and SO

Catalytic converter

convertes NO2 into N2 and O2

what is a buffer

a mixture of a weak acid and its cojugate

• they help protect against the changes in PH

buffer capacity

the extent to which a bu

what does WHIMS stand for

• workplace

• hazardous

• materials

• information

• system

what is this symbols and what does it mean

Flammable

• keep away from heat, open flames

• ex alcohol,gas

what is this symbol and what does it mean

oxidizers

• they might not be flammable themselves but they make other things burn easily

• ex oxygen makes fire burn faster

what is this symbol and what does it mean

Pressured gas

• contains gass under pressure and can explode

what is this symbol and what does it mean

Explosive

• extremely reactive and can explode

what is this symbol and what does it mean

corrosive

• reacts quickly with metals and skin

what is this symbol and what does it mean

Less serious health hazards

• May cause skin irratation inflammation and coughing

what is this symbol and what does it mean

Health Hazards

• may cause disease infertility and cancer

what is this symbol and what does it mean

Poisonous

• death or severe issues with limited contact

what is this symbol and what does it mean

Biohazard

• organisms and toxins, viruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites