Asynch 1 Foundational Concepts and Immune System

Pathophysiology

change in physiological process inside cell, tissue, or organ

What are 4 parts of pathophysiology

etiology

pathogenesis

chemical manifestations

treatment implications

etiology

ideopathic

latrogenic

where disease originates, direct/underlying cause of disease (infectious, congenital, inherited, nutritional)

unknown case

resulting from healthcare treatment/procedure

pathogenesis

how disease process happens (originate, develop, worsen). describes cellular, tissue, organ system level change, results in changes to structure/function

chemical manifestations

signs (objective, labs, xrays)/symptoms (subjective, feeling, experience). may change over time

treatment implications

connecting all 3 of them to see what treatments would be helpful

epidemiology

study of patterns of disease in populations

incidence

prevalence

# of cases per year

total # of people in population with condition

primary prevention

secondary prevention

tertiary prevention

efforts aimed at preventing disease before it occurs

efforts aimed at early identification

efforts aimed at preventing disease-related deterioration

Plasma membrane

moves things across plasma membrane via exocytosis + endocytosis

active transport via transport proteins (ATP driven pumps, channel)

lipid soluble can go directly across

why do cells adapt

increase functional demand, ir/reversible cell injury

adapting is normal! adapt to changing environment/stimuli

adapting stops when need has been met

Atrophy

shrinkage in cell, decrease in workload/support/stimulation, conserve energy/oxygen

disuse, denervation (paralysis), decrease hormone stimulation (menopause), poor nutrition

original cell —>decrease in number

Hypertrophy

growth in size because of increase workload/support/stimulation, consume more energy/oxygen

physiologic (exercise), genetic, pathologic (increase bp, increase heart pump, increase heart muscle)

original cell —> bigger mass

Hyperplasia

growth in number of cells due to increased cell proliferation

physiologic (child to adult), compensatory (regeneration of tissue), hormonal (lactate glands), pathologic (cancer)

original cell —> increase number of cells

Metaplasia

reversible change in cellular type bc of stressor

can progress to irreversible if initial stimuli is not resolved

original cell —> disformed shape

found in epithelial tisue (respiratory tract: smoking, esophagus: acid reflux)

dysplasia

change in cellular size, shape, organization (progress from metaplasia)

reversuvke uf ubutial stimulus resolves

Apoptosis

controlled cell death, breaks down cell into cellular components without contaminating surrounding rissue, replace old cells with new

necrosis

cell death related to injury

caused by hypoxia, unable to synthesize proteins, destruction of cellular membrane

Inflammation

Nonspecific, predictable response of living tissue to injury, protective process

prepare tissue for immune response, initiate tissue repair

local or systemic, acute or chronic

causes of injury

physical trauma, presence of foreign body, infection, ischemia, hypoxia

Stages of inflammation

1. Initial Insult

2. Vascular Response: cytokines released, vasodilate, increase permeability

3. WBC accumulate/migrate: attract wbc, leukocytes squeeze out of the vessel and into tissue, neutrophils arrive

4. Kill the microbes: neutrophils cause apoptosis, release cytokines, complement system, T cells activate adaptive immune system

5. Resolution: platelet and clotting factors to stop bleeding, tissue repair

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

pain (swelling, tightness), warmth (dilation, increase blood flow), redness/erethema (increase blood flow), swelling (increase vascular permeability), loss of function

chronic inflammation

caused by persistence of original injury/prolonged exposure

involves:

prolonged duration and inflammation (lymphocyte, macrophage)

tissue healing (scar tissue, fibroblasts)

tissue destruction (initial stimulus or immune cells)

acute vs chronic inflammation

acute: rapid onset, rapid termination. migration of neutrophils, fluids exudate

chronic: post acute inflammation. lymphocyte/macrophage, tissue destruction.