Quiz 2: Pregnancy, Obstetrics, & BSE (copy) (copy)

Black =

fluid

You can see the ___ on ultrasound?

pulse of pregnancy

In ultralsound, cervix looks like:

a flower

Uterus in ultrasound =

typically looks gray

What does this show?

Ultrasound image of bovine ovary with a corpus luteum (CL) and follicle (F) — (Upper image has diagrammatic representations of structures in lower image)

Real-time, B-mode ultrasonography reported to detect pregnancy in cattle as early as:

9 to 12 days in gestation

More realistically, day:

22 is probably the earliest with most waiting until day 35 to do ultrasound to detect pregnancy

The advantages of using ultrasonography for detecting pregnancy are:

the embyo can be detected earlier than by rectal palpation and direct manipulation of the gravid tract is unnecessary

Ultrasonography can also be used to detect:

infections of the uterus

What is this?

ultrasound images throughout pregnancy

Placentomes =

Placentomes, which consist of fetal cotyledon and maternal caruncle, in the pregnant cow as detected by transrectal ultrasonography (7.5 MHz probe)

CL w/ cavity =

CL is regressing

Parturition is divided into three stages:

There is no clear demarcation between the stages, it is usually a normally continuous process

Before parturition (pre-first stage):

begin to see mammary development and relaxation of ligaments — Tail head may appear raised and gluteal muscles sunken, vulva lengthens

Ligaments relax due to:

relaxin

First Stage of Parturition signs:

Apparent discomfort, cessation of eating, pawing at the ground, circling, and lying down

First Stage of Parturition changes to the body:

• Cervix begins to soften and dilate

• Onset of cervical dilation and uterine contractions cause the chorioallantois to be pushed into the vagina

• Fetus adopts birth posture

Second Stage of Parturition: Calf is normally

preceded by the amnion

Second Stage of Parturition: Fetal parts may

be visible through the amnion

Second Stage of Parturition: The fetal nose normally is

is level with and rests on the fetlock joints of the forelimbs

Second Stage of Parturition: Intensity and frequency

of abdominal straining increases

Second Stage of Parturition: Fetus is expelled

and umbilical cord may stay intact and may not rupture until cow stands

Third Stage of Parturition =

• Placental circulation is lost

• Uterine and abdominal contractions continue

• Placenta is expelled

Fetal membranes should be expelled within:

12 hours

membrane retention beyond this time will most likely:

result in a condition known as “retained placenta”

Retained placenta =

no more blood supply = dying tissue —> will rot inside her and cause infections

Parturition and Assistance =

• Only assist when problems are obvious

• If problems, dystocia, are present human intervention may be needed

Most rules of thumb are if the calf is not on the ground within:

two hours it may need to be pulled

What is this?

delivery plan flowchart

Parturition and Assistance Equipment needed:

• Lube (lots and lots of lube)

• Disinfectants (to prevent introduction of bacteria from your own hands and arms)

• Calf chains

• Calf Jack

• Epidural*

Dystocia Problems (Malposture):

• Lateral deviation of the head

• Downward deviation of the head

• Retention of the forelimb

• Shoulder flexion

• Retention of hindlimb (hip-lock)

• Hip flexion (Breech)

• Simultaneous presentation

What is this showing?

Lateral deviation of the head

First step =

wash hands/use disinfectant

Disinfectant used =

chlorohexidine

What is this showing?

Retention of Forelimb (Stage 1)

What is this showing?

Retention of Forelimb (Stages 1 & 2)

What is this showing?

Shoulder Flexion

What is this showing?

Hock flexion (breech presentation)

What is this showing?

Simultaneous Presentation

Which way is the calf coming out ?(normal or breech)

Palpate the joints

Pulling the Calf:

• First rule of thumb and most important:

  • Cleanliness and Lubrication

• Check for live calf

• Place chains on legs properly

• Stretch vulva if needed

Only pull when:

the cow is straining (Do not hook her up to a tractor)

In case of shoulder or hip lock:

another person must rotate the calf

An epidural may be given to animals that are:

straining too much and assistance is compromised

Once calf is on the ground:

Clean the airways

Go back and check for another:

calf

Is the calf alive or dead?

• Grasping or Pinching Foot

• Flex Joints

• Pinch Eyeballs

• Anal Palpation

What does this image show?

Correct placement of chains for pulling calf

Incorrect placement of chains can cause:

fractures — calf won’t make it then

Why is this another incorrect placement of chains?

traction on both forelimbs simultaneously often results in shoulder lock

If the calf is not breathing after delivery:

can do mouth to nose resuscitation

When pulling is not an option, what can be done?

• C-section

• Fetotomy

C-section =

Calf still alive, perform a Caesarian section

Fetotomy =

Calf not alive or just too big, fetotomy

• Use of obstetrical wire to cut the calf into pieces for easy removal

Diprosopus bovine monster is:

an example of a mutation

Parasitic limbs:

another mutation

What is a prolapsed uterus?

when the muscles, ligaments, and tissues of the pelvic floor stretch or weaken, causing the uterus to slip down into or protrude out of the vagina

Simultanuous presentation =

will see either 3 or 4 feet instead of just 2

Having lube is very important and the kind used is:

J lube (powder activated with liquid)

What is obstetrics?

a branch of medical science focused on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum (after childbirth) period

Leg chains correct placement:

loop on top & chain connecting 2 loops in the middle on top of the leg, not under leg

How can the airways be cleared?

pick up & swing calf from back legs to clear airways

How to fix prolapsed uterus?

use cold water to clean it off, set on clean surface, put back in, stitch closed is needed

Moms lick baby off and:

eat the placenta

Breeding soundness exam is done on:

a bull

(NAHMS) =

The National Animal Health Monitoring System

At each category of operation based on herd size, the percentage of cattlemen who utilized a BSE was:

equal to or greater than those that utilized palpation for pregnancy and several other veterinary services

Historically a major selling point for the procedure (BSE) is that:

of being "calf crop insurance" (dud bull=no calves)

There are 3 additional justifications for the utilization of this tool =

1. Highly fertile bulls sire more fertile daughters

2. Highly fertile bulls get a higher percentage of females bred

3. Highly fertile bulls get more females bred earlier in the season

A routine BSE includes =

a physical examination, a reproductive examination (internal and external genitalia), and the collection and examination of semen

Bulls are then classified as:

satisfactory, unsatisfactory, or deferred

Although bulls received a numerical score in the early days of this exam, bulis are now on more of a:

pass/fail basis with "passing" dependent on meeting minimal standards in each crucial aspect of the exam

What factors ensure that a baseline of fertility is established and that a high "score" in one area will not allow a bull with a deficiency in another area to pass?

Minimum thresholds for scrotal circumference, motility, and morphology

For a bull to perform in a natural mating environment he must be able to:

see, eat, stand on his rear legs and deposit an ejaculate into the vagina of a cow

If multiple examinations (5-80+ bulls) are being performed, the bulls should be carefully observed as they are:

gathered and as they move around in the pen, down the alley, and as they leave the chute

When the bull has been caught:

go to his head, verify his ID if tag or tattoo, evaluate vision while looking for evidence of squamous cell carcinoma or other lesions/defects around the eyes

Quickly evaluate mandibular symmetry, specifically:

swelling or conversely muscle atrophy, which might indicate infection, injury, or dental problems

As you return to the side of the chute take a good look at:

the feet, specifically looking for inter-digital fibroma, screw claw, etc.

Evaluate the conformation of the:

sheath and look for evidence of injury to both the sheath and prepuce

Questions to ask when palpating the scrotum and its contents?

• Do the testicles move freely within the scrotum?

• Are the testicles symmetrical in size and texture?

• Does palpation of the epididymes elicit pain?

Why is the scrotal circumference measured?

because it represents the sperm producing capacity of the bull

Why is a sperm count of the sample not used?

because the product resulting from electroejaculation is the result of external variables

The scrotal measurement may complete your examine if:

the circumference does not meet minimum standards

Examining the penis:

If you are able to extend the penis, evaluate it for warts, hair rings, and lacerations (scars). If the penis can not be extended at this time, evaluate it during electroejaculation.

Per rectum evaluation should include:

palpation of the seminal vesicles, ampullae, and internal inguinal rings

Seminal vesiculitis (Vesicular adenitis is the correct term) is usually manifested by:

pain or uhilateral swelling on palpation

The inguinal rings äre evaluated to determine if:

an inguinal hernia is present or likely

Sperm motility can be quickly and easily assessed by:

evaluating the sperm motion either grossly or individually using various microscope objectives

The minimum threshold for sperm motility:

a minimum of 30% motility

What must never be excluded from a BSE?

the evaluation of Sperm morphology

Keys to performing this exam quickly and competently are:

the preparation of a diagnostic slide, use of the oil immersion objective of a good quality light microscope, and the ability to distinguish a normal from abnormal sperm.

Minimum threshhold for sperm morphology:

70% normal sperm of 100 total sperm examined

A BSE provides a _____ of the breeding potential/fertility of a bull?

"snapshot"

The spermogram aspect reveals a:

historical picture as well because abnormalities of the sperm as revealed by poor motility or morphology may be the result of an insult to spermatogenesis that occurred 1-3 months prior to the exam

BSE is better at identifying:

an infertile bull than differentiating between the levels of fertility among fertile bulls

Cow estrous cycle length:

~21 days

Estrous vs estrus:

Estrous = cycle

Estrus = heat

Cow duration of estrus?

15–18 hours

Signs of estrus =

• Mounting or attempting to mount other cattle

• Clear, stringy vaginal mucus discharge

• Swollen, reddened vulva

• Increased restlessness, pacing, and frequent bellowing

• Roughed-up hair or mud/scratches on the tailhead and hips

• Chin resting on another animal's back

Estrus detection methods:

• Visual Observation

• Heat Mount Detectors & Patches

• Tail Chalk / Paint

• Electronic & Automated Technologies