PHAR 210 CH 3 + 4

mono -

one

uni -

one

bi-

two

di-

two

Quad

4

tetra-

4

Milli-

one thousandth

diplo-

double

hemi-

half, partly

ultra-

excessive

ab- (axial)

facing away from acis

ad-(axial)

going towards axis

hypo (dermic)

beneath the skin

Subcutaneous (SQ)

below the skin

Intramuscular (IM)

into a muscle

Intradermal (ID)

into the outer layer of the skin

Intravenous (IV)

into the blood circulation

Prefixes related to negation

added to words to reverse their meaning

when to use a-

before a consonant

when to use an-

before a vowel or the letter h

dys-

bad or difficult

eu-

good or normal

post -

after or behind

Anatomy

the study, description, and classification of structures and organs of the body

transverse plane

across the middle, seperates into upper half and lower half

frontal plane

down across both ears, divides into front and back

Saggital/Midsaggital

divides into left and right

anterior

front of

posterior

back of

superior

above

inferior

below

lateral

further from the median

medial

closer to the median

dorsal

back of animal or human being

ventral

underside

anter(o)

towards the front

medi(o)

towards the middle of th

super(o)

uppermost or above

caud(o)

in an inferior position

prone position

on stomach

supine position

on back

two major cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal

cranial and spinal nerves

ventral parts

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

the body’s organizational scheme

organelles to cells to tissues to organs to organ system to organism

the bodies 4 tissues

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

epithelial tissue

forms the covering of body surfaces, both inside and outside of the body

Connective tissue

supports and binds other body tissues

nervous tissue

coordinates and controls many body activities

muscle tissues

produces movement

types of fluid in the body

blood, lymph, saliva, urine, mucus, spinal fluid, tears, gastric juices, perspiration, pus

dysregulation of fluid balance (dehydration)

dehydration is when input is less than output

edema

input of fluids greater than output

blood composed of plasma which is

water and solutes

leukocytes

white blood cells, fight against infections by ingesting foreign particles)

Thrombocytes

blood platelets, form clots to stop bleeding

Erythrocytes

red blood cells, transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

cyt(o)

cell

kary(o)

nucleus

coagul(O)

coagulation

Necr(o)

death

Hem(a) or hemat(o)

blood

-poesis

production

-poietin

that which causes production

red blood cell disorder (anemia)

deficiency of red blood cells

blood disorders of white blood cells

Leukemia, sharp increase in leukocytes

Microbes in the blood (toxemia)

toxic shock syndrome caused by staphylococcus aureus

immunity

protection against infectious diseased conferred by immunization, previous infection, etc

Aut(o)

self

Immun(o)

immune

-phylaxis

protection

Ana-

upward, excessive, or again

vaccination

any injection or ingestion of inactivated or killed microbes or their products that are administered to induce immunity

Cardiovascular system parts

Heart and blood vessels

Arteries

oxygenated blood away from the heart

Veins

deoxygenated blood is brought back to the heart

Systemic circulation

oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, deoxygenated blood back to heart

pulmonary circulation

carries blood between heart and lungs

trace of blood flow throughout the body

RA → RV → PULMONARY ARTERIES → LUNGS → PULMONARY VEINS → LA → LV → AORTA → ARTERIES/ARTERIOLES → CAPILLARIES → VENULES/VEINS BACK TO RA

Heart rate (what is it measuring in anatomy)

beats per minute using stethoscope, pulsation of arteries

Blood pressure mmHg what tool

sphygmomanometer

Cardiovascular disorders and disease tools

lab tests for cardiac enyme content, chest x-ray, treadmill exercise test

Types of arrhythmias/dysrhythmias

Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Ventricular and atrial fibrillations

Ischemia

reduced blood flow to the heart

Mycardial Infarction (MI)

heart attack

Congestive Heart Failure

heart weakens over time

Atherosclerosis

plaque in arteries

Thrombosis

blood clots

Stroke

Hemmoragic/ cerebral, thrombotic, embolic

Aneurysms

widening of artery or vein that may burst

cerebral hemmorage

break of blood vessels in brain

thrombotic stroke

blood clot blocks flow of blood to brain

embolic stroke

fatty plaque or blood clot breaks away and flows to brain where it blocks an artery

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Surgical and therapeutic interventions for heart issues

Cardiac pacemakers, balloon angioplasty, intracoronary stents

Beta blockers

lower heart rate, end in -olol

Statins

lower cholesterol through CoA reductase inhibitors

Nitrates (nitroglycerin)

induce vasodilation to increase blood flow

Lymphatic system functions

maintain internal fluid environement, absorption of fats, defends body against disease

Components of lymphatic system include

lymph (fluid), lymph nodes (have lymphocytes), Spleen, thymus, and tonsils