Pharm Lecture 18

What is included in the upper respiratory tract?

-Nose

-nasal cavity/sinuses

-mouth

-pharynx/larynx

-trachea

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?

-Bronchi

-Terminal bronchioles

-Alveoli

-pleural space

What are alveoli lined with to keep them from collasping?

They are lined with surfactants

What are alveoli surrounded with for O2 and CO2 exchange?

They are surrounded with capillaries

With sympathetic stimulation, do the bronchiole dilate or constrict?

They dilate

In parasympathetic stimulation, do the bronchiole dilate or constrict?

They constrict

What are used to help decrease coughing?

Antitussives

do you give antitussives for productive coughs?

NO - we want them to couph up mucus

What are the six categories of respiratory drugs?

-Expectorants

-Mucolytics

-Antitussives

-Bronchodilators

-Decongestants

-Respiratory stimulants

What do expectorants do?

Liquify and dilute viscous (thick) secretions to help evacuate and eliminate them

What is the indication for using expectorants?

Productive coughs!

What is an example of an expectorant?

Guaifenesin (Robitussin AC)

What do mucolytics do?

Act to decrease the viscosity of secretions by changing chemical composition/structure of mucus

What is an example of a mucolytic?

N-Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

What is the trade name for N-Acetylcysteine?

Mucomyst

What is the generic name for Mucomyst?

N-Acetylcysteine

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) is used as an antidote for what?

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) toxicity

What do antitussives do?

Act to suppress a cough

What kind of cough should you use antitussives on?

DRY cough

What are two examples of antitussives?

-Butorphanol (Torbugesic)

-Hydrocodone (Hycodan)

-Temaril-P

what is the trade name for Butorphanol?

Torbugesic

What is the generic name for Torbugesic?

Butorphanol

What schedule is Butorphanol?

Schedule IV

Is Butorphanol an agonist or an antagonist drug?

BOTH agonist (sedative, pain managment, ect) and antagonist (decrease cough)

What is the trade name for Hydrocodone

Hycodan

What is the generic name for Hycodan

Hydrocodone

What schedule is Hydrocodone (Hycodan)

Schedule II

What three properties does Temaril-P have?

it is an antitussive, antipruritic (itch), and adn anti-inflammatory drug

What are the four groups of drugs that are Bronchodilators?

-Anticholinergics

-Antihistamines

-Beta 2 adrenergic agonists

-Methylxanthines

What do bronchodilators do?

they work by either stimulating the sympathetic NS or inhibiting the parasympathetic NS (end result decreased secretions)

What do anticholinergics do?

Act by blocking Ach (acetylcholine) receptors and therefore blocking activity of Ach --> parasympatholytics

What are parasympatholytics

Drugs that break down the parasympathetic NS causing vasodilation

what is an example of an anticholinergic?

Atropine

What kind of drug is atropine?

bronchodilator, parasympatholytic, anticholinergic

What do antihistamines do

Work by blocking the activity of histamine; binds to H1 receptors to block histamine

What can antihistamines also be used as?

they can also be used as antiemetics

What is an example of a antihistamine?

Benadryl (diphenhydramine)

What do Beta 2 adrenergic agonists do?

They stimulate sypathetic NS by binding to receptors on smooth muscle - opens bronchioles (bronchodilation)

What is an example of a Beta 2 adrenergic agonist?

Albuterol (Ventolin)

What is the trade name for Albuterol?

Ventolin

What is the generic name for Ventolin?

Albuterol

What kind of drug are methylxanthines?

they are bronchodilators

What are examples of Methylxanthines?

-Aminophylline

-theophylline

what drug is used in cats with asthma?

Theophylline

What do decongestants do?

Act to decrease edema and congestion of nasal membranes through vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels

What do respiratory stimulants do?

they stimulate respiration during/after anesthesia/sedation and speed awakening

What is an example of a respiratory stimulant?

Doxapram (Dopram)