Anatomy and physiology past paper questions

Describe the flow of blood around the heart using the bow diagram

Deoxygenated blood enter through the vena cava into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventrile. From there it goes up the pulmonary artery, through the pulmonary valve into the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated. The blood then goes through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve and through the aortic valve to the aorta and into the body

state one symptom of deep vein thrombosis

redness where the DVT is/ swelling where the DVT is

Explain the health risks of having deep vein thrombosis

A clot can form in the legs and this is DVT. Deep vein thrombosis can cause pain and swelling. When the clot travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow it is a pulmonary embolism, which can be life-threatening

state one function of white blood cells

fights infections/destruction of cancer cells

what type of test is used to monitor the cardiac cycle?

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

What is the ideal range for blood pressure?

90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg

where in the respiratory system does gaseous exchange happen?

alveoli

what are carbohydrates broken down into during chemical digestion?

Glucose

describe what happens in inspiration when breathing?

In inspiration, the external intercostal muscles contract. This pulls the ribs upwards. At the same time the diaphram contracts and moves downwards.

This increases the volume in the chest cavity, which decreases the pressure. Air then enters the lungs to equalise the pressure

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

Oxyegn + glucose = carbon dioixde + water + energy released as ATP molecules

The circulatory system is composed of the heart and the blood vessels.

Describe one way the strcture of an artery is different to the structure of a vein.

• arteries have thicker muscular tissue

• arteries have more elastic tissue

• lumen of the vein is larger

• veins have valves arteries do not

Describe the cause of the narrowing of the coronary artery

• lining of the artery wall / endothelium is damaged

• fat / cholesterol build up / (fatty) plaque forms in lining the artery forming an atheroma

Describe one surgical method that could be used to treat the narrowing of the coronary artery

One surgical method that could be used to trat this narrowing of the coronary artery is an angioplasty, where a thin tube is inserted into the affected artery. The ballon is lown up to compress the atheroma, then a stent is inserted that strecthes the artery open widening the blood vessel

Before a patient has surgery they meet with a nurse practitioner to be assessed. Part of this assessment includes an electrocardiogram (ECG). Explain why a patient may need to have an ECG as part of this assessment

An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart to determine if there are any electrical activity irregularities e.g. artial fibrillation to determine if a patient can have surgery or if the patient is of higher risk