SLHS 227 exam 3

Alveolar sounds, those produced by raising the tongue to the alveolar ridge, include the following

[t] [n] [z] [r]

Oral sounds are produced with the velum lowered to prevent air from escaping out the nose? t or f

false

The manner of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract the airflow is being restricted? t or f

false

English vowels occurring before nasal stops [m], [n] [ng/n w a tail] are typically nasalized, BUT only when the vowel and the following nasal stop occur within the same syllable. In which of the following 2 words, the FIRST vowel is nasalized?

- mythical

- mental

- minute

- monstrous

-mental

-monstrous

Tense & lax vowels differ in the ability to occur at the end of words. Please indicate which of the following transcriptions of nonsense words COULD be an English word

- [lusદ]

- [pogひ] = horseshoe U that's just as close as I could get

- [degi]

- [dumæ]

- [degi]

The word coat can be transcribed as

[kot]

In English, aspiration does change the meaning of the word? T or F

False, aspiration does not change the meaning of words in English

[s] and [z] differ by which distinctive feature?

voice

sounds [p], [b], and [m] are all oral bilabial sounds? t or f

false, [m] is a bilabial nasal

sounds [l] as in "lemon" & [r] as in "rose" are?

liquids

Which of the following vowels is rounded in English?

A. [e]

B. [ae]

C. [ i]

D. [U] horseshoe U

D. horseshoe [U]

The following is a phonetic transcription of which word? - [swit]

A. sweet

B. sweat

C. swift

D. suit

A. sweet

How many sounds are there in the word "thought"?

3

The 1st sounds in the word "doll" is voiced? t or F

True

Which of the following words has 3 segments?

-think (4)

-see. (2)

-baked (4)

-doubt (3)

doubt

Vowels can be described by whether they are produced with round lips. T or F

true

Which of the following is an example of suprasegmental feature of sounds?

all the above

(stress, pitch, tone, length, intonation)

The articulatory process in which a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound in terms of 1 or more of its phonetic characteristics is

assimilation

In the word "stop," which sound is the onset?

[st]

If a written statement has ambiguity, the ambiguity is not affected by intonation when the statement is read aloud, T or F?

false

In the following sample, the bolded and underlined segments are considered to be: (in the p)

"pill" [p^h I l]

"spill" [s p I l]

allophones of the same phoneme

Which of the following are considered to be feature-changing rules?

- assimilation

- dissimilation

Choose the types of phonological processes that were found to be present in Case Study number 1 (Lily).

- stridency deletion

- cluster reduction

- final consonant deletion

spin & pin, are they minimal pairs?

yes

dogs & dogs, are they minimal pairs?

no

In English, the sound [l] as in "lamp" is typically voiced. However, it becomes voiceless after voiceless stops. Therefore, voiced [l] & voiceless [l] are in a contrastive distribution. t or f?

false

In English, vowels become nasalized before nasal stops that occur within the same syllable with the vowels. Therefore, vowel nasalization in English is predictable. T or F?

true

The following is an example of a minimal pair: bat- bats. t or f?

false

Consider the following data from Hindi:

[kap] cup

[kap^h] phlegm

In Hindi, stop aspiration is

contrastive

Vowels [i], [ɪ], [u], and [ʊ] all belong to the natural class of high vowels. t or f?

true

Which /of the following is an example of a feature representation which is affected by manner

[± syllabic]

[± voice]

[± nasal]

[± back]

[± nasal]

In English, a syllable is required to have both an onset & a nucleus. t or f?

false

stressed syllables can have a difference in which of the following characteristics ?

- loudness

- length

- pitch

allophones of a phoneme _______

- are in complementary distribution

- are phonetically similar

An alveolar stop changes to a flap when the stop is between two vowels. T or F?

true

Determine how these pairs of consonants differ in terms of place, manner, and voicing. They may differ on a single feature or a combination of features.

1. /t/ and /s/

2. /p/ and /b/

3. /t/ and /p/

4. /b/ and /j/

5. /f/ and /z/

1. manner

2. voicing

3. place

4. place and manner

5. place and voicing

Match the following IPA symbols with their corresponding phonetic descriptions.

1. [æ]

2. [k]

3. [u]

4. [dʒ]

5. [θ]

1. low front unrounded lax vowel

2. voiceless velar stop

3. high back rounded tense vowel

4. voiced affricate

5.voiceless interdental fricative

Choose the correct phonetic symbol for the beginning sound in the following words.

1. gnat

2. phone

3. civic

1. [n]

2. [f]

3. [s]

Choose the correct phonetic symbol for the ending sound in the following words.

1. baked

2. dogs

1. [t]

2. [z]

For each of the following pairs of sounds:

a) state whether they have the same or different manners of articulation

b) identify the manner of articulation for each sound. You can copy and paste the symbols from the question to your answer.

1. [v] : [ϴ]

2. [l] : [j]

3. [m] : [n]

4. [d] : [ʤ]

5. [p] : [k]

1. same, fricative

2. different; [l] = liquid, [j] = glide

3. same, nasal

4. different, [d] = stop [ʤ] = affricate

5. same, stop

Identify if the first sound in the following words is voiced or voiceless

1. wing

2. think

3. doll

4. sure

5. lumpy

1. voiced

2. voiceless

3. voiced

4. voiceless

5. voiced

Target Word: dimension

Which of the following correctly reflects its syllabification?

[dʌ.mɛn.ʃən]

Based on your syllabification of the word "dimension," select the option that correctly reflects which vowels are nasalized in this word, if any:

[dʌmɛ̃nʃə̃n]

Target Word: remember

Which of the following correctly reflects its syllabification?

[ɹɪ.mɛm.bəɹ]

Based on your syllabification of the word "remember," select the option that correctly reflects which vowels are nasalized in this word, if any:

[ɹɪmɛ̃mbəɹ]

Target Word: friend

Which of the following correctly reflects its syllabification?

friend [fɹɛnd]

Based on your syllabification of the word "friend," select the option that correctly reflects which vowels are nasalized in this word, if any:

[fɹɛ̃nd]

which of the following pairs of words represent minimal pairs?

1. trip/tribe

2. though/cough

3. phone/foam

4. kid/keyed

5. drive/dream

1. no

2. no

3. yes

4. yes

5. no

For the following minimal pairs, please determine which distinctive feature differentiates the words.

1. mail vs. bale

2. lear vs. near

3. thief vs. thieve

4. pride vs. bride

5. thing vs. sing

6. part vs. tart

1. manner

2. manner

3. voice

4. voice

5. place

6. place

Consider the distribution of sounds [s] and [t] in the Tongan data below and then answer the questions that follow.

[fata] 'shelf'

[motu] 'island'

[motomoto] 'unripe'

[movete] 'to come apart'

[sisi] 'grand'

[mosimosi] 'to drizzle'

[fesi] 'to break'

1. Are [s] and [t] in complementary distribution?

2. Are sounds [s] and [t] allophones of the same phoneme?

3. Are sounds [s] and [t] separate phonemes?

(Hint: Remember that to answer this question we usually look for minimal pairs.)

4. Are [s] and [t] in contrastive distribution?

1. yes

2. yes

3. no

4. no

Comparing the following transcriptions of English words and phrases, name the process or processes that make the actual speech pronunciation different from the target speech. Stress has been omitted.

1. word: glasses

target speech actual speech

[glæsɪz] [gæsɪz]

2. word: what do you want

target speech. actual speech

[wʌt du ju want] [wədəjəwan]

3. word: climb the ladder

target speech. actual speech

[klɑim ðe lædɚ] [klɑimðelæɾɚ]

4. word: look at that

target speech. actual speech

[lʊk æt ðæt] [lʊkæt̪ðæt]

1. deletion

2. deletion

3. assimilation

4. assimilation

Name the single feature that distinguishes the sounds in each of the following pairs of vowels.

1. i and æ

2. u and ʊ

3. i and ɪ

4. æ and ɑ

1. high/ low

2. tense/lax

3. tense/ lax

4. front/back

Why can't linguists just use English spelling conventions in order to indicate how words sound?

- English doesn't have all the sounds for every language

- English words aren't pronounced the way they sound

- spelling or orthography, doesn't consistently represent the sounds of language

- the same sound may be represented by many letters or combination of letters

- the same letter may represent a variety of sounds

- some letters in a word may not be pronounced at all

- there may be no letter to represent a sound that occurs in a word

- different languages use different alphabets

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet?

a phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.

What does the vocal tract consist of?

oral & nasal cavity, larynx, glottis & pharynx

(upper & lower teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula, upper & lower lip, tongue)

3 features that consonants are described with?

1. place

2. manner

3. voicing

places of articulation for consonants?

1. bilabials 2. labiodentals 3. interdentals 4. alveolars 5. palatals 6. velars 7. glottal

Manners of articulation include?

- stop - glide -fricative

- nasal - liquid

Stops

[p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ʔ] [ŋ]

Fricatives

/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

affricates

[tʃ] [dʒ]

produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative

liquids

[l], [r]

glides

[j] [w] [ʍ]

produced with little obstruction of the airstream. They are always followed directly by a vowel

approximates

[w] [j] [r] [l]

flaps

[ɾ]

voicing

occurs when vocal folds are vibrating

voiceless consonants

p, t, k, ʔ, f, θ, s, ʃ, h, tʃ, m

voiced consonants

b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, v, ð, z, d͡ʒ, w, j, r, l

aspiration

the puff or burst or air that happens after a voiceless stop

what happens when consonants are produced with aspiration?

Can aspiration change the meaning of words in English?

no

can aspiration change the meaning of words in other languages?

yes

main classification features of vowels?

vowels are classified by how high or low the tongue is, if the tongue is in the front or back of the mouth, whether or not the lips are rounded & overall "tenseness"

Rounded vowels

u, ʊ, o, ɔ

tense vowels

i, e, u, o

lax vowels

/ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ,/

diphthong

a sequence of 2 vowel sounds that run together as a single phonological unit

ex: ɑʊ, ɑɪ, ɔɪ

suprasegmental features of sounds

- length - pitch -stress

- tone. - intonation

When is primary stress in English words?

stress falls on the final syllable if its heavy. Otherwise it falls on the 2nd to last syllable. Words w/ more than 2 syllable is light & then stress falls on 3rd to last syllable

Can a change in the position of the main stress in English words change their part of speech?

yes

ex; object (thing) object (legal)

proceed (continue on) proceed ($)

English is non-tone language

true

What are tone languages?

A language where changes in pitch distinguish different words.

is tone contrastive (i.e. can it change the meaning of words)?

Not in English, in other languages it can be

What are the 3 main features of signs in sign languages?

1. the configuration of hand (hand shape)

2. the movement of hand & arm (towards or away from the body)

3. the location of the hand in signing space

How do sign languages to phonetic features of spoken languages?

Signs can be broken down into segmental features similar to the phonetic features of speech sounds. Just like spoke languages, signed language of the world vary in these features.

Whats the difference between phonemes and allophones?

Phoneme: a contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realization are predictable by rule.

allophones: a predictable phonetic realization of a phoneme. EX: [p] & [p^h] are all allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English.

Which can be directly observed and which are mental constructs?

phonemes = mental construct/ category

allophone = directly observed

contrastive distribution

- sounds cannot be predicted

- they belong to different phonemes but not allophones

- can occur in same phonetic environment

- a pair of sounds are in contrastive distribution if interchanging the 2 sounds changes the meaning of the word (minimal pairs)

complementary distribution

- allophones of phoneme never occur in the same environment

- allophones are always predictable

- non contrastive

- typically occur when a segments articulation is affected by its neighbors

- dental & alveolar

minimal pair

2 (or more) words that are identical except for 1 phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word

EX: pain/pen, bane/ben, main/men

distinctive (phonemic) features?

phonetic properties of phonemes that account for their ability to contrast meanings of words: for example voice & tense. Phonetic properties of segments (EX: voice, nasal & alveolar) that distinguish 1 from another

What are syllables?

a phonological unit composed of an onset, nucleus, & coda

EX: elevator has 4 syllables --> el-e-va-tor & man has 1 syllable

allomorph

Alternative phonetic form of a morpheme ex [-s] [-z] and [-əz] forms of cats, dogs, and kisses

metathesis

the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two sequential sounds

EX: ask/ æks in some English dialects as [æks]