Bio Quiz 3 Sem 1

Anaerobic respiration

partial breakdown of organic molecules that occurs without O

Aerobic respiration

complete breakdown of organic molecules which requires O2

Chemical formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).

Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions

Chemical reactions that

transfer electrons between reactants

Oxidation

reactant loses electrons (oxidized)

Reduction

reactant gains electrons (reduced

Glycolysis

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation

conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, release of 1CO2

Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)

completes the breakdown of Acetyl CoA to CO2

Oxidative phosphorylation

includes the electron transport chain and accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

NAD+ and NADH

an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized (losing electrons) to NAD+ and reduced (gaining electrons) to NADH

FAD and FADH2

an organic molecule that serves an electron carrier by being oxidized (losing electrons) to FAD and reduced (gaining electrons and 2 H+ ions) to FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Glucose

C6H12O6 (6 Carbons)

Pyruvate

Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis. (2 pyruvates, 1 from each molecule of glucose)

Acetyl CoA

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. (2 Acetyl CoA's, 1 from each pyruvate)

Oxaloacetate

A four-carbon molecule that binds with the two-carbon acetyl unit of acetyl-CoA to form citrate in the first step of the Krebs cycle.

Citrate

A compound that is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

Mitochondrial Matrix

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane. (Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle take place here)

Mitochondrial Inner-membrane Space

This is where the Proton Gradient is created in cellular respiration

ATP Synthase

ATP

Alcohol Fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

to regenerate NAD + and keep glycolysis running, and convert pyruvate into lactate

Chemical equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Mesophyll Cells

cells that contain many chloroplasts and host the majority of photosynthesis

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Chloroplasts

Organelles that capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.(light dependent reactions take place here)

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

Stroma

In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.

Light Reactions

The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

Pigment

substances that absorb visible light (photons), exciting

electrons

Photon

a particle of light

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Photosystem

protein complex (reaction-center) surrounded by

light-harvesting complexes

Light-harvesting complexes

pigment molecules bound to proteins; transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center

NADPH

Calvin Cycle

CO2

carbon dioxide

G3P

Three-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin cycle.

Rubisco

The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

RuBP

a five-carbon sugar molecule that acts as the primary carbon dioxide acceptor during photosynthesis

C3 Photosynthesis

normal photosynthesis. involves tradeoffs between

CO 2 diffusion and H 2 O loss through the stomata

C4 Photosynthesis

carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur in different tissues Uses PEP carboxylase, rather than rubisco

Bundle-sheath Cells

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

PEP Carboxylase

rather than rubisco, initially

fixes and stores CO 2 to be used at a later

location/time

CAM Photosynthesis

carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur at different time