Psych development Exam

Trust vs Mistrust

(0-1) satisfaction of basic needs

Autonomy vs Shame/doubt

(1-3) establishes independence, can I do things by myself?

Initiative vs Guilt

(3-6) Pursue goals and attempt to lead others

Industry vs Inferiority

(7-11) establish competence among others

Identity vs Role Confusion

(12-18) establish personal identity

Intimacy vs Isolation

(19-29) formation of close relationships

Generativity vs Stagnation

(30-64) contribution and legacy

Integrity vs Despair

(65+) reflect on life’s meaning

Sensorimotor

(0-2) learning through experiences and motor actions (object permanence and ego-centrism)

Pre operational

(2-7) symbolic thinking emerges, but logic is limited (language and animism)

Concrete

(7-11) logical thinking develops for specific tasks (conservation and reversibility)

Formal operational

(12+) abstract reasoning, hypoethical thinking, and systematic problem solving

Pre Conventional

What’s in it for me?

Conventional

What do others expect, what are the rules?

Post Conventional

What is just and fair, even if it breaks rules?

Germinal Stage

(weeks 1-2) A zygote forms and goes to the uterus; rapid cell division creates a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine lining

Embryonic Stage

(weeks 3-8) Begins to take on human characteristics; major organs and structures start forming (neural tube, heart starts beating, limbs, ears, eyes, and mouth) ; critical period

When is the critical period and what is it?

Embryonic Stage; susceptible to teratogens

Fetal Stage

(weeks 9-40) organs mature and body systems become functional; movement begins, focal features form, sex is detectable, hearing develops, rapid weight gain, brain and lungs mature

Secure attatchement

the attachment figure is seen as a secure base to explore from and sought out in times of distress 

Avoidant

the attachment figure is interchangeable with the stranger and the child does not respond if they leave 

Resistant

child will cling to the attachment figure and will continue to be distressed and difficult to comfort with their return 

Disoragnized

erratic, inconsistent behavior toward the caregiver 

Authoritative

Parenting characterized by high warmth, high control. Responsive, supportive, and sets clear boundaries. 

Authoritarian

Parenting characterized by low warmth, high control. Strict, punitive, and emotionally distant 

Permissive

Parenting characterized by high warmth, low control. Indulgent, few boundaries, often avoidant of discipline. 

Uninvolved

Parenting characterized by low warmth, low control. Emotionally or physically absent, indifferent to child’s needs. 

Continuous Model

The view that development is a gradual, ongoing process where progress is made steadily over time 

discontinuous (or stage) model 

The view that development occurs in distinct stages, with qualitative shifts in thinking or behavior at specific ages 

normative approach 

A method of studying development by examining large groups to determine what is typical or average at different ages. 

developmental milestones 

Key markers of progression through development, achieved at predictable ages 

psychosexual development 

Freud’s theory of development concerned with how individuals navigate the conflict between their base (libidinal) urges and societal expectations  (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

psychosocial development 

A model of development with eight stages that explores how we are shaped by navigating key social and emotional challenges throughout life 

schema 

A mental framework or category used to organize and interpret information 

assimilation 

Fitting new information into an existing schema without changing the schema 

accommodation 

Adjusting or creating new schemas when new information doesn’t fit existing ones 

object permanence 

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight (develops around 8–12 months) 

egocentricism 

Inability to see a situation from another person’s perspective (common in the preoperational stage) 

animism 

Belief that inanimate objects have feelings, thoughts, or intentions (seen in young children) 

centration 

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others (e.g., judging by height but not width) 

conservation 

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance (develops in the concrete operational stage) 

metacognition 

Awareness and regulation of one’s own thought processes—thinking about thinking 

Sociocultural Theory

social interaction and culture frame how children learn with language as a critical tool for cognitive development 

conception 

when sperm fetilizes the egg

teratogen 

Any substance, agent, or environmental factor that can cause physical or functional abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus during pregnancy 

Motor skills

Our ability to move our body and manipulate objects – fine and gross 

newborn reflexes

Inborn automatic responses to specific stimuli 

self-concept 

a person’s understanding and perception of who they are 

gender-identity 

how individuals understand and experience their own gender internally 

temperament 

the innate traits that impact how an individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with the environment 

adolescence 

Period of development that begins with the onset of puberty 

primary sexual characteristics

organs specifically involved in reproduction, what we are born with

secondary sexual characteristcs

physical features associated with sexual maturation but not the sex organs themselves, occurs during puberty

menarche

onset of menstruation

spermarche

first experience of ejaculation

puberty

The period of development characterized by physical changes that result in the ability to sexually reproduce

emerging adulthood

developmental phase between adolescence and full adulthood, characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, and delayed transitions into traditional adult roles 

adulthood

Stage of human development marked by the attainment of physical maturity, and typically involving stable roles in work, relationships, and community life 

socioemotional selectivity theory 

A theory that suggests when people perceive their time as limited, they prioritize emotionally meaningful goals and relationships 

menopause

End of menstruation and fertility resulting from decline in estrogen and progesterone production 

andropause 

Slow, gradual decline in testosterone levels in men associated with fatigue, reduced libido, and mood changes 

post formal thought

An extension of Piaget’s theory that recognizes further advancement in thinking that involves flexible reasoning, tolerance for ambiguity, and the ability to integrate emotion with logic 

midlife crisis

A phase of emotional turmoil, impulsivity, or existential questioning, often triggered by key life events like divorce, loss, aging, or career dissatisfaction 

Fluid intelligence

in the moment problem solving

crystalized intelligence

accumulation of knowledge, memories, , and skills acquired throughout life

ACE

Adverse childhood experiences