ch. 7

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

ATP

What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?

gluconeogenic

Which of the following nutrients can be made from compounds composed of 1-carbon skeletons?

Glycogen

Which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl CoA?

synthesis to fatty acids

The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of:

lactic acid and glucose

After the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides most of the glucose needed to fuel the body?

protein

Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?

glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

How are ketones formed?

condensing of acetyl CoA molecules

Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse the state of ketosis in a starving person?

carbohydrate

Which of the following is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat?

excess fat is almost all stored

The energy that fuels anabolic reactions is __ energy.

chemical

An example of a catabolic reaction would be __.

triglycerides being broken down to fatty acids and glycerol

Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy?

ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP

The process in which compounds are broken apart with the addition of water is called __.

hydrolysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence in the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP?

glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

The end product of glycolysis is __.

pyruvate

Which of the following statements applies to a very low-carbohydrate diet?

ketones are produced

Excess ketones are produced by the liver __.

as a result of low carbohydrate intake

Which meal would be most likely to result in use of ketones for energy?

spinach and cheese omelet with bacon

If proteins are used to produce ATP, the __-containing part of the amino acid is removed through deamination.

nitrogen

The oxidation of alcohol occurs in both the __.

liver and small intestine

Humans appear to have an unlimited ability to store __.

triglycerides

When the body makes non-essential amino acids, what is the process called in which the amine group is donated by an amino acid and joined to a keto-acid?

transamination

Which of the following CANNOT be synthesized from the metabolic intermediates of either fat or carbohydrate?

essential amino acids

Most lipogenesis occurs in the __, and the fatty acids are released as __.

liver; VLDLs

The hormone responsible stimulating fat and carbohydrate storage is _.

insulin

Which fuel source does NOT provide energy during short-term or long-term fasting?

muscle glycogen

Metabolic responses to prolonged starvation include __.

a drop in the body's core temperature

When you eat a large meal and take in excess kcalories, __.

the rate of carbohydrate oxidation increases and more fat is stored

Every cell of the body is metabolically active.

True

Certain vitamins are essential for producing energy in the body.

True

Body fat is the only option for storing energy consumed in excess of short-term energy needs.

False

You can speed up your liver's breakdown of alcohol by drinking a beverage containing caffeine.

False

During a period of extreme starvation, the body will use heart muscle for energy and to help maintain blood glucose levels.

True

adenosine monophosphate

is composed of one molecule of adenosine bonded to one phosphate group.

In which of the following types of chemical reactions is a compound catabolized by the addition of a molecule of water?

hydrolysis

In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced through glycolysis is converted to

lactate

Excessive ketones are produced when

acetyl CoA is converted to glucose

Amino acids are unique from other energy-yielding compounds in that

they contain nitrogen, which must be removed before the remaining compound can be used for energy

Anya skipped breakfast this morning. It is now midafternoon, and she has joined a friend for a late lunch. Although she rarely drinks alcohol, while waiting for her food to arrive, she enjoys a glass of wine. Which of the following statements best describes Anya's body's response to the alcohol?

Gastric ADH can reduce the absorption of alcohol by as much as 20%, not 30% to 35%. Most of the alcohol consumed by an individual is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver. It is not taken up by muscles. Finally, because Anya rarely drinks alcohol, it is highly unlikely that the MEOS system would be activated by her consumption of a glass of wine.

Of the approximately 160,000 kcal reserves in the body of a well-nourished 70-kg male,

about 85% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 15% is from protein

Most lipogenesis

occurs in liver cells

Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol are

catabolic hormones

During short-term fasts, the body uses

glucogenic amino acids to synthesize glucose