World of Rome (exam 1)

Nulma

successor of Romulus; known as the priest king

Tullus Hostillius

a warrior king who used cattle raids with Alba to start a war; known for his punishment of Mettius Fufetius

King Cluilian

Alban king at the beginning of the cattle dispute but died in the Cluilian trenches right outside of Rome

Mettius Fufetius

dictator of the Albans following Cluilian; was known for betraying his word after his side lost the cattle dispute by convincing surrounding areas to fight Rome and by pulling out his army

Mettius Fufetius death

Killed by chariots driving in opposite directions (only time Livy claims Rome has dealt cruel punishment)

Horatii

Roman triplets

Curiatii

Alban triplets

Sister of Horatii (Horatia)

murdered by her brother for mourning the loss of her Curiatii husband; Sisters Beam is the memorial place of her death

Trial of the remaining Horatii

father made a convincing case to spare his one final living child after he killed his sister because he saved all of Rome from Alban overtaking

Cattle Dispute (part II)

Mettius invoked other states (Fidnae and Veii) to join them in a war against Rome; Alba pulled out of ranks with Rome to remain “neutral” and pig pile on later with whoever was winning

Tarquin the Proud

Last king of Rome; held war against Rutuli

Sextus Tarquinius

Spoiled and royal son of Tarquin the Proud; he is the one who raped Lucretia; ultimately exiled from Rome where he was later killed for his rape of Lucretia

Collatinus

husband of Lucretia who boasted of his wifes beauty in front of Sextus (foundation of the rape); him and his father brought down the monarchy to avenge her

Lucretia

was the motivation for the fall of the monarchy after her rape by the prince; stabbed herself after having been violated

Consuls post fall of the monarchy

Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus (Lucretia’s husband) and Lucius Junius Brutus (husband’s friend)

Romulus

first king of Rome and known as the warrior king

Two free trojans post Trojan War

Aeneas and Antenor

Proof of Troy

Archaeology confirms there was a 12th century BC city at Troy (traditional day of Trojan War)

Livy on Mythical origins of Rome

It’s passed down as more a poetic fiction

Livy on the importance of history

Benefit of seeing others behavior and taking away both the good and the bad to shape your own country

Livy on moral decline

Wealth brings greed and self ruin

Aeneas

Trojan son of Aphrodite/Venus and Anchises. Fights in the Trojan war against the Greeks

Motivation of the Trojan War

Started when Trojan Paris abducted Menelaus’ (King of Sparta) wife Helen

Agamemnon

Led the Greek forces in the Trojan war

Where does Aeneas go post Trojan war?

Italy

Aeneas vs. Latinus (2 possibilities)

1) Defeats king Latinus and his people (Aborigines) in war

2) King Latinus stops the war and offers his daughter Lavinia to Aeneas

Ascanius

Son of Aeneas and Lavinia who founds city of Lavinium

Trojans vs. Rutulians & Etruscans

Trojans and aborigines defeat these native Italian groups

1) Rutulians led by Turnus (previously engaged to Lavinia)

2) Etruscans led by Mezentius (in alliance with Rutulians)

Aeneas’ treatment of the Aborigines

Aeneas treated the Aborigines with the same rights of the Trojans so they became loyal to him. Went by Latins (Trojans and Aborigines together)

Death of Aeneas

dies after battle against Etruscan/Rutulians but Latins win the war. At his burial he is called both a man and a god on the banks of the Numicus River

Rule post death of Aeneas

Lavinia rules Lavinium as she waits for her son Ascanius to become of age

Who founds Alba Longa

Ascanius

Alban Kings

Ascanius’ descendants who rule Alba Longa

Last Alban King

Numitor

Amulius

younger brother of Numitor who overthrows him. Also kills Numitos male sons.

Rhea Silvia

made into a Vestal Virgin by her father Amulius

Rape of Rhea Silvia

She is raped and gives birth to Romulus and Remus. She names Mars as the father to be more respected.

Romulus and Remus raised

Amulius has them thrown into the River Tiber where they are nursed by a she-wolf. Then raised by shepherd Faustulus and Larentia.

Faustulus and Lerentia

Shepherds who raised R&R

Numitor return to power

Twins are reunited with Numitor and restore him to the throne

Romulus Vs. Remus

rivalry develops over who will be king over their new city. Romulus kills Remus and becomes first king of Rome

Rome founded

753 BC

Remus death (2 possibilities)

1) Remus lept over Romulus walls in mockery and was killed

2) fight between brothers breaks out and Remus killed amidst the chaos

Asylum

Romulus opened a site for newcomers (free or enslaved) granting them safety and eventually citizenship. Done to increase the Roman population

Rape of the Sabines

Romans needed women to procreate so they took them by force from Sabines and other sourrounding communities

Games in honor of Neptune

the event where the Sabine women were ambushed and raped

Livy on the Rape of the Sabines

suggests the Roman men were attempting to woo the stolen maidens instead of simply raping them

Women as peacemakers (Rape of the Sabines)

1)Hersilia, Romulus’ wife, asks him to pardon parents of maidens from Antemnae

2)Stolen women make peace between Romans and Sabines, led by Titus Tatius

Romulus and Titus Tatius (at first)

Rome and Sabines make peace an the two kings ruled jointly with harmony

Romulus and Titus Tatius (later)

peace fails due to violence instigated by Titus’ relatives which Romulus uses as an excuse to get rid of Titus and go back to one man rule

Romulus vs. Etrucscans

defeats the communities of the Fidenae and Veii in battle

Death of Romulus (2 possibilities)

he disappeared in a whirlwind either

1) torn apart by the senators who resented him

2) his supporters believed he was swept up and made a god

Livy on deification of mortals

he is skeptical

The Capitoline Wolf (Lupa Capitolina)

an iconic bronze sculpture of a she-wolf nursing the twin infants Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome.

Regal Period (753-509 BC)

The period of time with the 7 kings of Rome

King Nulma

succeeds Romulus (2) and famous for Religious institutions

King Tullus Hostilius

succeeds Nulma (3) warlike model or Romulus. actively seeks out war with albans (creates a pretext for war that places blame on the other side)

Battle between Alba and Rome

Horatii vs. Curiatii triplets settle it in Rome’s favor.

Mettius Fufetius

dictator of Alba Longa who betrays the Romans by forming secret alliance with Etruscan Fidenae

Tullus Hostilius vs. Mettius Fufetius

defeats Fidenae, unites Alba and Rome, and brutally punishes Mettius by tying his body to 2 chariots and running in opposite directions

Livy on Cruel Punishment

Romans only served uncivilized punishment once (to Mettius Fufetius

King Ancus Marcius

succeeds Tullus Hostilius

3 Etruscan Kings who succeed Ancus Marcius

1)Tarquinius Priscus

2)Servius Tullius

3)Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud)

Rape of Lucretia

Sextus Tarquinius, son of Tarquin the Proud,
rapes Roman noblewoman Lucretia

Vengence of Rape of Lucretia

Lucretia tells her husband Collatinus, his friend Iunius Brutus, her father, and her father’s friend to get vengeance on Sextus Tarquin

Lucretia’s Suicide

stabs herself with a knife

End of the monarchy of Rome

Brutus exiles the Tarquins, gets rid of the monarchy and establishes a Republic with two annually elected consuls

Marcus Junius Brutus

involved in assasination of Julius Caesar and ancestor of Iunius Brutus who avenged Lucretia

Livy on the Roman Republic

Their laws were much more powerful than their men

Res publica

“people’s thing, people’s buisness”

Roman Government

1) cheif magistrates

2) senate

3) popular assemblies

Chief magistrates

2 consuls elected annually (and other lesser megistrates)

senate

advisory body made up of Roman aristocrats who had held office

popular assemblies

voted on laws and magistrates

King Nabis of Sparta on the Roman Government

he didn’t like that their government was formed by the wealthy few

Roman Magistrates 1

quaestors (20 of the by 81 BC); finance

Roman Magistrates 2

aediles (4); infrastructure: food provisions, trade, markets, public games, roads, sanitation, po

Roman Magistrates 3

Praetors (8 of them by 81 BC); 2nd most important magistrate; important in the law courts; could hold a military command and govern provinces; had imperium

imperium

sovereign civil and military authority

Roman Magistrates 4

consuls (2): cheif executive magistrate; also held military commands; governed provinces; had imperium

Censors

2, every 5 years; given to ex consul, prestigious;
in charge of the financial assessment of citizens
and regulation of senate's membership

dictators

could be officially and legally appointed at times of crisis—but only for a limited period of about 6 months

Legend of Cincinnatus

dictator in 458 BC called to rescue trapped troops; voluntarily resigned dictatorship pemanent rule and wealth

tribune of the plebs

10; had veto power

Roman Cursus Honorum

the typical political ladder people had to climb to become consul

Curule Magistrates

possess imperium and can sit in special chair (sella curulis); includes consuls, praetors, and dictators

Limited Curule Magistrates

aediles and censors could sit on curule chair but didn’t have imperium

lictor

ancient Roman public officer and bodyguard who attended chief magistrates holding imperium

fasces

bundle of rods with a protruding ax that lictors hold, symbolizing the right to physical punishment

Struggle of the Orders (early 5th-3rd century BC)

Plebeians revolt against Patricians in effort to get equal political rights (the wealthier plebeians) and/or economic survival (the poorer plebeians)

patricians

nobility; traced origins to the 100 senators appointed by Romulus

plebeians

lower class, though some quite wealthy

Plebeian Secession (494 BC)

protest economic suffering they secceeded to Sacred Mount; As a result, obtain plebeian assembly presided over by the tribune of the plebs

plebeian assembly

could veto actions of other magistrates and senate, propose laws, sacrosanct (could not be changed)

Laws of the Twelve Tables

451-449 BC; protected plebeians from arbitrary judgments of patricians and was primarily civil law

decemviri

board of 10 men who wrote the Laws of the Twelve Tables and acted in an arrogant manner

Plebeian win 367 BC

get the right to be elected consul (one of two consuls always plebeian)

Plebeian win 337 BC

all offices open to both orders

Plebeian win 287 BC

the decisions of the plebeian assembly (plebiscites) had the force of law over everyone

Conquest of Italy (date)

499-272 BC