E&E 151 S Introductory Geology: Chapter 7 (Metamorphism) Visualiation Study

Foliation

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Definition: A planar or layered texture in metamorphic rocks produced when platy or elongate minerals align parallel to one another under differential stress.

Slaty Cleavage

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Definition: The ability of fine-grained metamorphic rock to split cleanly along flat, parallel planes created by microscopic aligned minerals.

Slaty Texture

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Definition: A fine-grained metamorphic texture characterized by aligned, microscopic platy minerals that produce slaty cleavage.

Slate

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Definition: A very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock formed from shale or volcanic ash that splits cleanly along flat planes.

Phyllitic Texture

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Definition: A fine-grained metamorphic texture where newly formed micas are larger than in slate, imparting a satiny sheen and often displaying a crinkled surface.

Phyllite

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Definition: A fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock transitional between slate and schist that exhibits a silky sheen and crinkled foliation.

Schistose Texture

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Definition: A coarse-grained metamorphic texture defined by parallel-oriented platy or elongate minerals clearly visible to the naked eye.

Schist

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Definition: A coarse-grained, strongly foliated metamorphic rock dominated by visible platy minerals such as micas or needle-like amphiboles.

Gneissic Texture

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Definition: A high-grade metamorphic texture characterized by alternating distinct light-colored and dark-colored mineral layers or lenses.

Gneiss

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Definition: A coarse-grained, banded metamorphic rock formed under high temperatures where light and dark minerals separate into layers.

Stretched Pebble Conglomerate

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Definition: A metamorphic rock texture in which originally spherical pebbles have been visibly flattened and elongated into oval shapes by differential stress.

Nonfoliated Texture

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Definition: A metamorphic texture characterized by a lack of parallel alignment or layering of mineral grains.

Nonfoliated Rock

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Definition: Metamorphic rock that lacks foliation and is classified primarily on the basis of its mineral composition.

Marble

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Definition: A coarse-grained, nonfoliated metamorphic rock composed of interlocking calcite or dolomite crystals that displays a shimmering luster and effervesces in weak acid.

Quartzite

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Definition: A hard, nonfoliated metamorphic rock consisting of welded quartz grains formed from quartz sandstone that breaks through individual grains rather than along grain boundaries.

Hornfels

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Definition: A fine-grained, dark, nonfoliated metamorphic rock resulting from the contact metamorphism of shale or basalt around an intruding magma body.

Mylonite

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Definition: A dense, hard, finely streaked metamorphic rock produced in fault zones by extreme shearing that crushes and pulverizes rock.

Metamorphic Aureole

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Definition: A narrow, concentric zone of baked country rock surrounding an intruding pluton or magma body.

Zone of Contact Metamorphism

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Definition: Another term for a metamorphic aureole surrounding an igneous intrusion.

P-T-t Paths

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Definition: Curves on graphs tracking the pressure, temperature, and time evolution experienced by a rock during burial, peak metamorphism, and unroofing.

Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths

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Definition: The full term for P-T-t paths tracking a rock's metamorphic journey over geological time.

Electron Microprobe

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Definition: An instrument that fires a narrow electron beam at precise spots on a mineral grain to analyze chemical zoning for temperature and pressure determination.

Isotherms

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Definition: Lines on geological diagrams or cross-sections connecting points of equal temperature beneath Earth's surface.

Hydrothermal Vents

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Definition: Submarine hot springs along mid-ocean ridges where heated seawater exits fractures in the oceanic crust.

Black Smokers

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Definition: Chimney-like submarine hydrothermal vents that discharge dark clouds of fine, metal-sulfide mineral precipitates into ocean water.

Contorted Layering

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Definition: Intricately folded and warped layering in metamorphic rocks resulting from plastic deformation under deep crustal conditions.