Med Surg Exam 2 - Gemini Notebook

Stomatitis

An inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa presenting with painful oral sores or mucosal inflammation that requires targeted clinical treatments and assessments.

Leukoplakia

A pre-cancerous oral lesion characterized by firm white patches inside the mouth that cannot be easily scraped off, distinguished from stomatitis and malignant oral cancer.

Oral Cancers

Malignant cellular growths in the oral cavity requiring prompt clinical evaluation, differentiation from pre-cancerous lesions like leukoplakia, and interdisciplinary management.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

An upper gastrointestinal condition caused by backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus, requiring diagnostic evaluation, dietary interventions, and lifestyle modifications.

Dietary Interventions for GERD

Nutritional adjustments including avoiding trigger foods (e.g., fatty items, caffeine, chocolate), limiting late-night eating, and consuming smaller, more frequent meals.

Lifestyle Interventions for GERD

Non-pharmacological measures such as elevating the head of the bed, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding recumbency immediately after meals.

GERD Pathophysiology

Esophageal mucosal exposure to acidic gastric juice resulting from lower esophageal sphincter incompetence or altered gastric emptying.

Diagnostic Evaluation of GERD

Clinical diagnostic procedures and assessments used to determine the severity of esophageal acid reflux and evaluate esophageal mucosal damage.

Acute Upper GI Bleeding

A severe upper gastrointestinal emergency involving rapid blood loss from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum that requires rapid nursing assessment and medical intervention.

Hypovolemic Shock in Upper GI Bleeding

A critical complication of massive upper GI hemorrhage characterized by severe loss of intravascular volume leading to inadequate organ perfusion.

Priority Nursing Interventions for Upper GI Bleed

Immediate assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs), establishing IV access, monitoring vital signs, assessing blood loss, and preparing for fluid/blood replacement.

Medical Protocols for Acute Upper GI Bleeding

Interdisciplinary emergency measures involving hemodynamic stabilization, acid suppression therapy, endoscopic intervention, and blood product transfusion.

Assessment of Nausea and Vomiting

Clinical evaluation focusing on onset, frequency, volume, color/contents of emesis, fluid balance, and electrolyte status.

Complications of Severe Vomiting

Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, metabolic alkalosis, esophageal tearing, and potential aspiration.

Pre-cancerous Oral Lesions

Oral mucosal alterations, such as leukoplakia, that pose a high risk for transformation into oral cancers if unmonitored or untreated.

Difference Between Stomatitis and Leukoplakia

Stomatitis involves acute inflammatory mucosal lesions or ulcerations, whereas leukoplakia manifests as pre-cancerous white hyperkeratotic patches.

Difference Between Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer

Leukoplakia is a non-invasive pre-cancerous tissue lesion, whereas oral cancer involves invasive malignant neoplasm affecting surrounding mucosal layers.

Clinical Signs of Shock in Upper GI Bleeding

Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, pale/cool/clammy skin, delayed capillary refill, oliguria, and altered mental status.

Interdisciplinary Management of Upper GI Disorders

Collaborative clinical approaches involving nursing care, nutritional counseling, medical therapies, and surgical or endoscopic interventions.

Clinical Presentation of Stomatitis

Painful oral lesions, mucosal erythema, inflammation, dysphagia, and localized discomfort affecting oral intake.

Clinical Presentation of Oral Cancers

Non-healing oral ulcers or lumps, persistent pain, difficulty chewing or swallowing, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and neck lymphadenopathy.

Upper GI Disorders Scope

Clinical conditions affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract, including nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, oral cancers, pre-cancerous lesions, GERD, and acute upper GI bleeding.

Nursing Interventions for Bleeding and Shock

Positioning the patient supine with legs elevated (if appropriate), administering oxygen, securing rapid IV access, administering prescribed fluids/blood products, and frequent vital sign monitoring.

Diagnostic Assessment for Upper GI Bleeding

Hemoglobin and hematocrit laboratory testing, stool/emesis testing for occult or frank blood, type and crossmatch, and urgent upper endoscopy.