Lecture 19: Therapeutic and antimicrobial stewardship

- action taken to prevent disease such as vaccine and herd health screenings for disease

- goal is to stop disease from happening in healthy animals

Prophylaxis?

- use of an antimicrobial (abx normally) in a group of animals that are a high risk of developing a disease

Metaphylaxis?

- medical or therapeutic care given to an animal with an illness or injury

Treatment?

- any substance given to kill or inhibit the growth of a microorganism (bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite)

Antimicrobials?

- a medication that kills, inhibits or stops the growth of bacteria (used to treat bacterial infection)

Antibiotic?

- the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the p and minimal impact on subsequent resistance

Antimicrobial stewardship?

- the ability of a pathogen or organism to withstand a drug or other treatment

- treatment longer effective against pathogen

Resistance?

- allows the extra-label use of drugs in food animals

AMDUCA (Animal Medicine Drug Use Clarification Act)

- website used for drug and research of extra-label drugs with established withdrawal times

FARAD

- how sick is the animal

- be straight with the o (prognosis)

- how many animals in the herd are affected

- what is the O's plan for the individual or herd

- remember withdrawal times

What are considerations for making the right choice for BRD therapeutics?

- antibiotics

- fluids

- anti-inflammatories

- nutritional support

(immune stimulant and vitamins/mineral can also be given)

What are the mainstays of BRD treatment?

- penicillin

- cephalosporins

What are common beta lactams used to treat BRD?

- ceftiofur (naxcel, excenel, excede)

Which beta lactam has a 0 day milk withdrawal?

- most of the drugs are labeled for lactating dairy cattle

- milk withdrawal 0 days

- meat withdrawal 13 days

What are things to consider when using beta lactams for BRD?

- tulathromycin (short duration + short withdrawal time)

- gamithromycin (short duration + short withdrawal time)

- tilmicosin (cardiotoxic to humans and other species)

What are common macrolides used for BRD?

- tilmicosin

Which macrolides is cardiotoxic to humans an other species?

- oxytetracycline = short duration + long withdrawal time

- chlortetracycline = must have vet feed directive

What are common tetracyclines used for BRD?

- SQ dose for 7 days

- IM dose for 8 days

- THEY HAVE DIFFERENT WITHDRAWAL TIMES

Florfenicol (nuflor) is commonly used for BRD. What is important to know about it?

- gentamicin

- amikacin

What are aminoglycosides used for BRD?

- 18 months (hangs in the kidney)

What is the meat withdrawal time for aminoglycosides?

- can't be used off label

What are important considerations about antibiotics in food animals?

- respiratory disease ONLY

What is enrofloxacin labeled for in food producing animals?

- can't be used in milk producing animals

How can't sulfonamides (albon, ect) be used in cattle?

- NaCl

- lactated ringers

- hypertonic saline (most commonly = will make it thirst so it will drink)

What are IV fluid types that can be used for BRD?

- water

- water + electrolytes

What are oral fluid types that can be used for BRD?

- flunixin meglumine (banamine)

- demamethasone (carefully)

- meloxicam, if no fever (mixed reviews)

What are anti-inflammatories used for BRD?

- milk replacer/tube feeding

- providing grains or concentrates

- hay and/or grass

What are options of nutritional support for BRD?

- not in dairy > 20 months

- meat withdrawal 18 days

What do you need to consider when using macrolides in cattle?

- not in dairy > 20 months

- meat withdrawal 4 days

What do you need to consider when using quinolones in cattle?