APES VOCAB 5/6

abundance

size of a population

acute disease

epidemic disease, appears rapidly, affects large % of population then almost disappears for a while

age structure

distribution of people across different age groups within a population

birth rate

percent of population per unit of time; total # of births/1000 people

chronic diseases

always present in a population, heart disease, cancer, stroke

death rate

how many people die/1000 people

demographic transition

multistage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates during the process of industrial and economic development

demography

statistical study of human population

doubling time

time required for a population to double

epidemic disease

(acute disease) affects smaller area than pandemic

exponential rate

annual growth rate is constant percentage of population

growth rate

percentage of change in a specific variable over a defined period of time

human carrying capacity

the max # of people earth can support

inflection point

point at which the curve on a graph changes bending upward/downward

life expectancy

average # of years an individual is expected to live given the individuals present age

logistic carrying capacity

the max # of individuals of a species that a specific environment can support indefinitely with out damaging the habitat

logistic growth curve

s shape growth population can’t grow past

maximum lifetime

max possible age to which an individual species can live

pandemic

outbreak of a disease spread world wide

population

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area ultimately interbreeding or sharing genetic info

population dynamics

general study of population change

species

all individuals that are capable of interbreeding, species is composed of 1 or more populations

zero population growth

condition in which the human population on average neither increases nor decreases

formula: birth rate

(total live births/total population) x 100

formula: crude birth rate

(total live births/total population) x 1000

formula: growth rate

((birth-death)+(immigration-immigration))/total population

autotrophs

self nourishing

biological production

capture of usable energy from the environment to produce organic matter

biomass

total amount of organic matter in an ecosystem

bog

open body of water w/ surface inlets but no outlets

carnivores

meat eaters, take up 3rd trophic level, feed on herbivores

chemoautotrophs

autotrophic bacteria can derive energy from inorganic sulfur compounds like bacteria in deep ocean vents

chronic patchiness

highly disturbed environments and highly stressful ones in terms of temp, precipitation, chemical availability, result of no species interaction through succession

community effect

cell’s ability to respond to signals and differentiate depends on neighboring cells to do the same thing at the same time (animal development)

decomposers

those that feed on dead organisms

early-succession species

early stages of succession (pioneers)

ecological community

a set of species interacting within an ecosystem

ecosystem

interactions of many organisms functioning together, interact through physical and chemical environments

ecosystem energy flow

movement of energy thru a series ecosystem from the external environment thru a senes of organisms back - external environment

energy efficiency

ratio of output to input, amount of useful work obtained from some amount of available energy

entropy

the disorganization of energy

first law of thermodynamics dynamics

in any physical or chemical change, energy is neither created nor destroyed

food chain

who feeds on whom

food web

complex food chain

gross production

increase in energy stored before anything is used

herbivores

organisms that feed on plants, algae or bacteria

heterotrophs

organisms that use other things as energy

keystone species

organism that has large effect on its natural environment

middle successional species

characteristics between 2 types

late successional species

slower growing + longer lived

net production

amount of newly acquired energy is stored after some energy is used

omnivores

eaters of both plants and animals

pelagic ecosystem

microscope single cell planktonic algae and planktonic photosynthesis bacteria are in theist trophic level

photosynthesis

using only energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide

primary production

production came out by autotrophs

primary succession

establishment and development of an ecosystem were one was not previously

secondary production

that of heterotrophs

secondary succession

re-establishment of an ecosystem after disturbances

second law of thermodynamics dynamics

no use of energy is ever 100%. efficient (in real world)

succession

gradual and preactabie process in which an ecosystem changes and develops overtime

trophic level

all organisms in a food web that are the same # of feeding levels away from the original energy source

watershed

practical delineation of the boundary of an ecosystem on land