Appreciation of Companion Animal

Agnatha

jawless fish/parasite

Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous Fish

Osteichthyes

Bony fish, ones we keep for pets

labyrinth

kind of like lungs that allows certain species to breath from surface

Swim Bladder

organ that helps bony fish control buoyancy

heterothermic

changes temperatures depending on the environment

Homeothermic

temperature is regulated by the animal

Oviparous

lay eggs that hatch OUTSIDE the body

Ovoviviparous

eggs that hatch INSIDE body= live young

egg-scatteres

scatter egg randomly, may stick to things, fertilization occurs outside the body

scoopers

dig hole in gravel, female lay eggs, male puts male stuff, fan nest with fins

Mouth brooders

move from hole to hole, young may swim into parent’s mouth

bubble-nest builders

floating nest of bubbles for eggs and young

live bearers (guppies)

ovoviviparous, no placenta, fin becomes monopodium

Fundamental factors for Fish

correct feeding, enough light, right temperature, water quality, liberal water surface

protein

thousands of kinds and functions, made of amino acids if being used for energy source need to drink lots of water to flush out kidneys

essential amino acids

must be supplied in diet, are not produced by the animal

Fats

important as a delivery vehicle for sat-soluble vitamins, deficiency can lead to poor skin, hair loss, uncontrolled nervous responses and mortality

produce 2.25 x more energy than carbs

carbohydrates

starches, sugars, cellulose, very common inexpensive source of energy, not essential

calories

energy required to increase the temperature of 1 ml of water 1 degree celsius

energy

produced by breaking carbon and hydrogen bonds, supplied by fats, carbohydrates and proteins

vitamins

lots of function in body, fat soluble and water soluble vitamin c essential vitamin in some fish, guinea pigs and primates most can produce on own

minerals

inorganic, many functions, fish will sometimes absorbed minerals through water

water

most important, transports nutrients and waste, heat regulation

Mouth

saliva and mastication (chewing)

Esophagus

tube that carries food and liquid from throat to stomach

Stomach

acid, enzymes, storage

Small intestine

digestive enzymes, absorption of nutrients and water

Pancreas

creates digestive enzymes to send to small intestine, controls blood sugar

Liver

produces bile that helps break down fat and absorb some vitamins

gall bladder

stores bile made by liver

large intestine/colon

water resorption, microbial digestion, vitamin and salt absorption, fatty acid absorption, storage

rectum

stores feces

anus

feces comes out

Amphibians

skin without scales, heterothermic, 3 chambered heart, fresh water and terrestrial, oviparous, water to reproduce

gut-loading

feeding nutrients to the feed animals

reptiles

no metamorphosis, heterothermic, 2-4 chambered heart, scales, air-breathing, terrestrial, oviparous, incubate outside of water

Jacbson’s organ

6th sense in snakes located in nasal cavity.roof of mouth allows them to taste odors

Infectious diseases

caused by insult to animal by a pathogen/microorganism that is not normally a part of animal’s life

non-infectious diseases

inherited errors, metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiency or excess, toxicities, cancers, maladaptation

Bacteria

single-celled organisms with a simple cell structure, very small and numerous, everywhere, asexual can be treated with antibiotics

Virus

smaller than bacteria, not cellular, not a living organism, hijacks other cell to reproduce, not nutrition like we think, can’t be treated with antibiotics

Bacteriophage

type of virus that exclusively infects and destroys bacterias

antivirals

can stop viruses, from aids research

protozoa

small, reproduced by budding, splitting or spores cause malaria and other, treated via antiprotozoal medications, feed for marine animals

Fungi

group of organisms with no green coloring matter, cheeses and penicillin by mold, wine and beer with yeast, ringworm, treat with antifungal agents

parasite

internal (worms) external (lamprey)

prions

protein particle that causes disease, mad cow disease, contracted by eat nervous tissue, long incubation no known treatment

Antigen

foreign to body, antibodies are formed against specific antigens

antibodies

proteins produced by body in response to antigen (immunoglobulins), produced by B cells, attach to antigens and assist in removal/destruction

vaccine

an antigen that may be killed or attenuated (weakened), given to stimulate resistance

Attenuated

heated, weakened, modified

Titer

measurer of antibodies in serum, measure of animal’s resistance to a specific antigen

Lymphocytis

common in marine fish, big white wart

ranaviruses

spread by goldfish

Grey Patch Disease

turtles, cause by herpes

Infectious Dropsy

more symptom, eyes bug out (exophthalmos), scale protrusion, swollen look, may be viral or caused by bacteria or kidney failure

Myxobacteria

proteolytic organism that causes fin rot

Proteolytic

breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids

Aeromonas

various boils, reddening

Tuberculosis

Macobacterium, necrotic lesion of visceral organ, tubercles, very common, fish either waste away or gets big tumor, cause skin lesion in human

Red Leg

common in captive frogs, usually caused by poor water quality

Mouth rot/stomatitis

foul odor, common in snakes and turtles, mouth may not close properly, sores, discoloration, exudates (liquid leak out of blood vessels or organs)

Saprolegnia

fuzzy, often occurs after stress (chilled, fight, underfed, dirty tank)

Chytrid fungus

from African clawed frog, may be killing other frogs

Ichthyophthirius (Ich)/ salt and pepper

infects skin and sometime gills, big problem in crowded or poorly fed aquaria, doesn’t happen in salt water

Trematodes

probable cause of mutant frogs in WI and MN, get in during tadpole phase rearrange anatomical differentation

MBD (Metabolic Bone Disease)

iguanas, sever malnutrition, vitamin d and calcium usually deficient, sometimes excess, signs: general listlessness, swollen limbs and tail, lower jaw, fractures, paralysis and death

dystocia/egg binding

female cannot expel egg, cause by calcium deficiency, prevent by spraying female

maladapatation syndrome

wild caught species, refusal to eat, incomplete molt, egg binding

sterile gut syndrome

often caused by antibiotic treatment, treat with probiotic (competition of non-harmful

microorganisms with pathogenic microorganisms)

Cursorial birds/ratites

ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea, flightless, precocial, no keel bone

precocial

young animals that are born/hatch in a highly developed state

keel bone

ridge on bird breastbone that holds flight muscle

psittaciformes/psittacines

macaw, budgies, cockatoo, brilliant colors, hooked bills, can talk, 2 toes forward 2 toes back, altricial

altricial

young animals that are born/hatch that are born helpless

passeriformes

perching song birds, not many kept as pets, canaries, finches, highly developed syrinx, altricial

syrinx

voice box

columbiformes

pigeons and doves, very common, altricial

anseriformes

waterfowl, thick down for insulation, precocial, female is louder

galliformes

chicken like birds, majority domesticated, beautiful plumage, pheasants, guineas, peafowl, chickens, some used for sports, precocial

bantams

miniature breeds of chickens

birds

feathers, homeothermic, flexible neck

air sacs

moves air from lung to air sack and then back, gas exchange on inspiration and expiration, no diaphragm, birds don’t sweat

uric acid

bird waste

photoperiod

Length of the day

ovulation

mature yolk is released from a hen's ovary into the oviduct, single ovary (left side)

oviduct

tube that connects ovary to uterus

infundibulum (funnel)

fertilization

magnum

albumen/eggs white

isthmus

shell membranes

uterus/shell gland

shell

UV junction

sperm host glands

THAT

Temperature, Humidity, Adequent Oxygen (Ventilation), Turning

Imprinting

baby making connection to care giver