2. Intro to WW

Wastewater Engineering

branch of environmental engineering in which the basic principles of science and engineering are applied to the problems of water-pollution control, and issues associated with the treatment and reuse of

wastewater

Pollution

may be defined as the introduction of a substance to the environment at levels leading to lost beneficial use of a resource or degradation of the health of humans, wildlife, or ecosystems.

Load

refers to the mass flux of a pollutant and is expressed as mass per unit time.

Water Quality Management

concerned with the control of pollution from human activity so that the water is not degraded to the point that it is no longer suitable for intended use

DAO 34 (DENR Administrative Order No. 34 Series of 1990)

Revised Water Usage and Classification.

Point sources

identifiable source of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water

from a pipeline or sewer.

Concentrated/Confined Animal Feeding Operation

CAFO

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

FWPA

Non-Point source pollution

or diffuse source of pollution occurs as water moves across the land or through the ground and picks up natural and human-made pollutants. These are characterized by multiple discharge points.

Urban and agricultural runoff

characterized by multiple discharge points.

Runoff from agricultural land

significant non-point source. Fertilizer (i.e. manure or commercial fertilizer) contributes nutrients.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NPDES

Wastewater or Sewage

can be defined as community’s spent or consumed water.

sewage

is often used to refer to wastewater but is more properly applied to domestic (household)

99.9% water and 0.1% solid

Wastewater is ___% water and ___% total solid.

Influent

raw wastewater coming into a treatment plant.

Effluent

the treated water discharged from a wastewater treatment plant.

Domestic (sewage) wastewater

Or sanitary sewage consists of domestic waste and small

amounts of industrial wastes. the one that originates in the sanitary conveniences of a

dwelling, residences, commercial, institutional and similar

facilities

Industrial wastewater

Wastewater in which industrial wastes predominate (i.e.

waste from industrial process such as brewing,

dyeing,etc.)

Storm sewage

liquid flowing in sewers during or following a period of

rainfall and resulting from precipitation runoff.

Combined wastewater

Consists of a combination of sanitary wastewater and

storm water runoff.

Inflow

water discharged into sewer pipes or service pipe

connections from sources such as roof leaders, etc.

Infiltration

is the groundwater entering sewers and building

connections through defective joints and broken or

cracked pipe and manholes.

Direct inflow

inflow that have a direct stormwater runoff

connection to the sanitary sewer and cause an almost

immediate increase in wastewater flows

Total inflow

The sum of the direct inflow at any point in the system

Delayed inflow

stormwater that may require several days or more to drain

thru the sewer system. Ex: discharge of sump pumps from

cellar drainage

Gray water

Consumed water in the kitchen, bathroom and laundry.

Black water

Water from flush toilet (feces and urine)

Yellow water

Urine separated from toilet and urinals

Brown water

Black water without yellow water

300-500 mg/L

Domestic BOD range

300mg/L

Domestic TSS range

500-1000mg/L

Domestic COD range

Phenols

Wastewater with inorganic chemicals

30-50%

Sewage Carbohydrates

40-60%

Sewage Protein

10%

Sewage Fats and Oil

Precision

refers to the reproducibility of an analytic technique when it is repeated on a homogeneous sample. (Consistent)

Accuracy

correspondence between the measured value and the actual value.

Arithmetic Method

the rate of growth is always constant.

Geometric Method

the rate of growth follows a geometric or logarithmic relationship.

Curvilinear Method

involves graphical projection of the past population of the past population growth curve, following whatever tendencies the graph indicates.

Logistic Method

used in modeling population trends has an S shape.

Declining Growth

assumes that the city has a limiting saturation population

Miscellaneous factor

i.e. climate, quality, pressure, system maintenance, and conservation programs

Endoctrine-Disrupting Chemicals

EDC

9mg/L

DO Maximum amount in clean water is about

Dissolved Oxygen

Aquatic aerobic organisms need oxygen to survive.

Decrease

DO varies with temperature. Level of DO ___ as temperature increases.

Decrease

DO ___ as level of salinity of water increases.

Total Solids

is defined as all the matter that remains as residue upon evaporation at 103 to 105˚C.

Fixed solids

the residue left in the vessel after a sample is ignited (heated to dryness at 550˚C).

Volatile solids

the weight loss after a sample is ignited (heated to dryness at 550˚C).

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

solids in water that can be trapped or retained in a standard glass-fiber filter.

Settleable Solids

suspended solids that will settle to the bottom of a cone-shaped container (Imhoff cone) in one-hour.

75%

Settleable solids approximately __% organic

Colloidal Solids

not truly dissolved yet do not settle readily

Total Dissolved Solids

solids in water that can pass thru a standard glass-fiber filter (pore size of 0.45 µm).

(also called filterable solids) About 90% in true solution and 10% colloidal

Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)

are those solids lost on ignition (heating to 550˚C).

Volatile-solid analysis

applied most commonly to wastewater sludges to measure their biological stability.

Fixed Solids

are inorganic fraction that remains behind as ash after ignition.

Odors

caused by gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter.

Fishy

Amines

Ammoniacal

Ammonia

Decayed Fish

Diamines

Rotten eggs

Hydrogen Sulfide

Decayed cabbage, skunk

Mercaptans

Rotten cabbage

Organic Sulfides

Fecal matter

Skatole

Compound, Chemical Formula, Odor

Character

Refers to the mental association made by the subject in sensing the odor.

Detectability

concentration (MDTOC)

Hedonics

Relative pleasantness or unpleasantness of the odor sensed by the subject

Intensity

Normally correlated w/ the concentration of the odor. Measured by butanol olfactometer

Temperature

wastewater is commonly higher than water supply.

10 to 21.1 C

Mean annual wastewater temperature:

3 ˚C

Standards: Class “C” Inland Water - it should be ambient not to raise _˚C above river

Fresh wastewater

Gray

Septic / Stale

Black

Apparent Color

due to suspended solids

True Color

due to dissolved solids that remain after suspended solids ( Filtered )

True Color Unit

TCU

Platinum Cobalt Unit

PCU

Turbidity

A measure of the light-transmitting properties of water, is another test used to indicate the quality of waste discharges and natural waters w/ respect to colloidal and residual suspended matter.

The measurement of turbidity is based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by a sample as compared to the light scattered by a reference-suspension under the same conditions.

pH

is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.

FOG (Fats, Oil and Grease)

A variety of organic substances including hydrocarbons, fats, oils, waxes, and high-molecular weight fatty acids are collectively referred as

5 mg/L

FOG DENR Standards is less than __ mg/L;

Soxhlet Extraction Flask

FOG Instrument used:

Organic Matter

These solids are derived from both the animal and plant kingdoms and the activities of man as related to the

synthesis of organic compounds

Proteins

are the principal constituents of the animal organism. They are complex in chemical structure and unstable, being subject to many forms of decomposition. When present in large quantities, extremely foul odors are apt to be produced by their decomposition.

Carbohydrates

include sugars, starches, cellulose and wood fiber.

Surfactants

– are large organic molecules that are slightly soluble in water and cause foaming in wastewater-treatment plants and in the surface waters into which the waste effluent is discharged.

ABS alkyl-benzene-sulfonate

resistant to biological decomposition.

LAS linear-alkyl-sulfonate

replaced ABS since it is biodegradable.

Surfactants

are determined by measuring the color change in a standard solution of methylene blue dye.

- Methylene blue active substance (MBAS)

Phenols

cause taste problems in drinking water, particularly when the water is chlorinated.

They are produced primarily by industrial operations.

can be biologically oxidized at concentrations up to 500 mg/L.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The oxygen REQUIRED by biochemical processes to COMPLETELY aerobically decompose organic matter.

BOD

is the amount of oxygen that would be consumed given sufficient time, bacteria and oxygen to completely

decompose the organic matter.

Dissolved Oxygen

is there. It is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in a water sample. It is a measure of oxygen content.

BOD

is the amount of oxygen that would be consumed to completely decompose the organic matter in a water sample. It is not an indication of oxygen content. It is an indication of the amount of organic material present.