Carbohydrates and Lipids

Chapter 2 Part 3

polymer

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

monomer

small building-block molecules

dehydration reaction

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule; requires energy

hydrolysis

occurs when a polymer is broken apart into monomers and releases energy; requires water

carbohydrates

include sugars and the polymers of sugars

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, or single sugars

polymers of carbohydrates

polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, fructose

Do monosaccharides readily dissolve in water?

yes, they are very polar

How would you make a disaccharide?

dehydration reaction

dehydration reaction

disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose

What type of reaction produces polysaccharides?

dehydration reaction

What does a dehydration reaction require?

energy

What does hydrolysis require?

water

polysaccharides

starch, fiber, glycogen

benefits of dietary fiber

aiding digestion, lowering cholesterol, maintaining stable blood sugar, helping with weight loss

What are the most important lipids?

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Lipids cannot be considered polymers because…

they are not composed of monomer subunits

Do fats readily dissolve in water?

no, they are very non-polar

triglycerides

fats, made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

solid at room temperature; some have a kink in the chain where there is a double bond. Butter, coconut oil, meats, etc.

unsaturated fatty acids

liquid at room temperature; humans cannot create them they are found through eating fruits and vegetables. Olive oil, omega 3 (fish), omega 6 (nuts).

Why is olive oil kept in a dark bottle?

unsaturated fats are unstable due to its double bond and sunlight can cause degradation.

trans fats

unsaturated fats with the double bonds opened up to make it more stable, man-made and bad for you.

phospholipids

triglycerides with one fatty acid removed and replaced with a phosphate group; has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; forms membranes in water

steroids

characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings; cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, bile

cholesterol

an important steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes