anatomy 1 lab practical 1

solution

a homogenous mixture of 2+ substances

solute

a substance that is dissolved (usually in water)

solvent

the substance that does the dissolving

tonicity

the way of describing the effect of a solution would have on the cell (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic)

hypertonic

a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

there are more solute particles and fewer water molecules, which can lead to water moving out of cells when separated by a semipermeable membrane.

hypotonic

a solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to another solution, causing water to move into the region of higher solute concentration, typically across a semipermeable membrane.

isotonic

same concentration on both sides

diffusion

the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. goal is to create equal conc on both sides

osmotic pressure

the minimum amount of pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis

hyper-

above

hypo-

below

peri-

around

iso-

same, equal

hydro-

water

natri-

sodium

glyco-, glycos-

sugar

nephro-

kidneys

cardi-, carido-

heart

-emia

blood condition

-osis

abnormal condition

-itis

inflammation of

-uria

bladder condition

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar level

hyponatremia

low blood sodium level

pericarditis

inflammation around the outside of the heart

glycosuria

sugar in urine

hydronephrosis

the condition of water buildup in the kidneys

process

an outgrowth from a large structure, often the point of connection for joints or muscles

spinous process/spine

The part of the bone that is connected to the lamina and provides a point of attachment for muscles.

Alveolar Process

The curved bone that contains sockets for the teeth

Tuberosity

A big, rough projection on a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and ligaments. Can be found in places like the deltoid and tibia

articulation

the place where two bones connect to form a joint. can be found in places like the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee

condyle

The rounded end of some bones that is designed to form a joint

epicondyle

A bony bump near the condyle where muscles and ligaments attach

head

a smooth rounded structure that typically articulates with another bone at a joint found at the proximal end of a bone and fit in a socket

shaft/diaphysis

The tube that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

neck

The narrow region between the head and the shaft of a long bone

facet

Small, flat, smooth articular surface of a bone

fossa

A shallow depression found in a bone serving as a socket, attachment place, or a space for another structure such as a gland or muscle

Sulcus

A groove on the surface of a bone acting as a channel for structures like nerves or tendons

Fontanelle

soft spots on infants heads. these gaps are composed of membranous connective tissue

Suture

tough, inflexible fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that allow the brain and skull to expand during growth.

foramen

an opening or hole in tissue, usually a bone. allows blood vessels or nerves to travel from one side of tissue layer to another

ligament

a tough, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bones and holds important body structures in place (joints and some organs)

Tendon

Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones

Aponeurosis

A tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle, or to several bones of the skeleton

Origin

the fixed and stable point of attachment, usually connected to a bone that remains stationary or moves very little during contraction. This end is typically the less movable, more stable part of the muscle and is often located proximally, closer to the body’s midline.

Insertion

Located opposite the muscle’s origin and attach to the more movable bone. Because of this, they play a key role in producing movement. Typically at the distal end of the muscle and has less muscle mass.

Action

Movement of a muscle and joints, including relaxing and contracting (movement + joint)

Agonist/Prime Mover

Principal muscle whose contraction leads to a certain movement or action

antagonist

a muscle that opposes the action of the agonist. Its job is to maintain body/limb position and to control rapid movement.

Synergist

a muscle whose contraction helps the prime mover in an action. Can also be a fixator that stabilizes a muscles origin.

synovial joint

a connection between two bones consisting of cartilage lined with cavity filled fluid

circumduction

the movement of a limb in a circle. can be limbs, fingers, or a hand in a circular pattern

Flexion

a movement that decreases the angle between 2 articulating, the opposite of extension

Extension

an increase in the angle between two articulating bones, the opposite flexion

Hyperextension

extension continued past the anatomical position

Abduction

moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes

Adduction

brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together.

Lateral rotation

a rotating movement away from the midline.

medial rotation

a rotating movement towards the midline

Elevation

Move a structure superiorly

Depression

Move a structure inferiorly

Supination

having the palms facing upward. Rolling along the outside of

the foot when we walk

Pronation

having the palms facing downward. Rolling along the inside of the foot when we walk.

dorsiflexion

flexion of the foot in an upward direction

plantar flexion

movement of the foot where the foot or toes flex downward toward the sole

Inversion

involves the movement of the ankle, in which the sole of the foot moves toward the midline of the body.

Eversion

involves the movement of the ankle, in which the sole of the foot moves away from the midline of the body