Entomology Exam II

“Apterygota”

Subclass: No wing

“Paleoptera”

Subclass: Ancient winged

Neoptera

Subclass: New winged

“Paleoptera”

Wings held extended over thorax and abdomen

Neoptera

Wings folded over thorax and abdomen

Ametabola

No metamorphosis (looks the same throughout growth)

Hemimetabola

Incomplete metamorphosis (Has nymphs and then adult)

Holometabola

Complete metamorphosis (egg to larvae to pupa to adult)

Anamorphic

Each molt adds an additional segment

Epimorphic

Each molt does NOT add an additional segment

Collembola

Hexapoda subphylum; Mouthparts entoghathic (enclosed in folds of the head); epimorphic; ametabolous; apteryogote (lack wing); collophore (ventral tube) on first adbo segment; forked furcula for jumping

Collembola

Springtails

Zygentoma

“Apterygota”; No metamorphosis, dorso/ventally flattened; lack ocelli; covered with silvery scales; 2 lateral cerci and medial caudal filament

Zygentoma

Silverfish

Odonata

“Palaeoptera”; Wings with arculus vein; large compound eyes; immatures called naiads; form a tandem wheel (suborders: Epiprocta, Zygoptera);

Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies

Dragonflies

Anal gills and propulsion; wings held horizontally; extensible labium

Damselflies

Abdominal terminal gills; wings held vertically

Bottom

Tandem wheel: Female is on _____

Ephemeroptera

“Palaeoptera”; Adults with 2-3 long multisegmented cerci with medial caudal filament; Large triangular fore-wing; immatures are naiads; short-lived adult; mating in swarms

Ephemeroptera

Mayfly

Plecoptera

Neoptera; Bony thorax; folded wings partly wrap the abdomen and extend beyond apex; Naiads (gills on thorax, neck, and first 2 abdo seg)

Plecoptera

Stoneflies

Dermaptera

Neoptera; Dorsally/ventrally flat; forewings thickened into short tegmina; Enlarged, unsegmented, forceps-like cerci

Dermaptera

Earwigs

Orthoptera

Neoptera; enlarged, saltatorial hind legs; forewings thickened into tegmina; stridulate (make noise) by rubbing forewings across pegs on hind legs or across hind wings; some migratory

Orthoptera

Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets

File; scraper

Stridulation: when wings move back and forth the ____(upper wing) strikes the ____ (lower wing) which generates the call that we hear from the cricket

Phasmatodea

Prognathic (forward) chewing mouthparts; long, slender body; small prothoax (short); wings absent in non tropical species; tropical males with forewings as tegmina

Phasmatodea

Walking sticks

Mantodea

Forewings are tegmina that cover hindwings; head rotates 300 degrees; elongated pronotum with raptorial forelegs; eggs deposited in papery-textured ootheca

Mantodea

Mantids

Blattodea

Forewings form thickened tegmina that cover over the membranous hindwings; large anal lobe; dorsally, ventrally flattened; head covered with enlarged shield like pronotum; cursorial legs

Blattodea

Cockroaches; termites

Psocodea

Dorsally-ventrally flattened; non-parasitic and parasitic

Non-parasitic lice

Psocodea: Small insects with large, mobile head; membranous wings held roof-like over abdomen

Parasitic lice

Psocodea: no wings; head wider than long; body dorsoventrally flattened; ectoparasites of birds and mammals

Thysanoptera

Wings absent or long, narrow with fringe of hairs; small, long, narrow body; sucking mouthpart; feed on flowers

Thysanoptera

Thrips

Hemiptera

Large compound eyes; mandibles and maxillae into needle like stylets (rostrum or proboscis); pierceing-sucking mouthparts; both wings reduced (3 suborders: sternorrhyncha; auchenorrhynca; heteroptera)

Rostrum

Mandibles and maxillae into needle like stylets in a grooved labium and together= _____

Sternorrhyncha

Hemiptera (suborder): aphids and scale insects

Auchenorrhyncha

Hemiptera (suborder): Cicadas, leafhoppers, tree hoppers, plant hoppers; spittlebugs

Heteroptera

Hemiptera (suborder): Forewings form a hemelytron Enlarged triangular scutellum; stink glands; piercing-sucking; food is liquid (sap, blood; herbivorous, carnivorous, parasitic); stink bugs; wheel bug

Neuroptera

Wings many veined and of similar size, extending beyond abdomen; Mandibles and maxillae fuse to form hollow tube; suck body fluid

Neuroptera

Lacewings; ant lions

Coleoptera

Forewings form elytra; elytra meet at midline when folded; plastron for aquatic; largest insects known

Coleoptera

Beetles

Diptera

One functional pair of wings; second pair of wings into haltares; piercing-sucking and cutting-sponging mouthparts; mesothorax large; larvae vermiform (worm like)

Vermiform

Worm-like larva

Diptera

Flies

Siphonaptera

Small; wingless; lack compound eyes; piercing-sucking mouthparts; body laterally flat; strong spine called ctenidia; hindlegs developed for jumping; adults parasitic

Ctenidia

Strong spines

Siphonaptera

Fleas

Trichoptera

Adults have wings with hairs; larvae are naiads; abdomen gills; abdomen with terminal hooks; build portable cases of pebbles

Trichoptera

Caddisflies

Lepidoptera

Wings covered with scales; siphoning mouthparts; colors due to pigments; mimics; larvae are caterpillars with prolegs, hooks called crochets

Lepidoptera

Butterflies and moths

Noctuid traits

Antennae filiform; front wings mottled brown; hind wings differ from front wings in color and patterns; Three medio-cubital veins reach distal margin of hind wing

Hymenoptera

Chewing-lapping mouthparts; enlarged mesothorax; Hindwings coupled with forewing by hamuli (hooks); slender petiole; mesosoma; ovipositor modified into stinger, saw, or drill

Hamuli

Wings connected by hooks

Hymenoptera

Ants, bees, wasps, sawflies

Arthropoda

Phylem

Hexapoda

Subphylum

Entognatha

Collembola class

Insecta

The class of all the other orders

Ametabola

Metamorphism: Collembola; zygentoma

Hemimetabola

Metamorphism: Odonata; Ephemeroptera; Plecoptera; Dermaptera; Orthoptera; Phasmatodea; Mantodea; Blattodea; Psocodea; Thysanoptera; Hemiptera

Holometabola

Metamorphism: Neuroptera; Coleoptera; Diptera; Siphonaptera; Trichoptera; Hymenoptera

Rhyniella praecursor

Oldest known insect

Devonian

Period: Rhyniella praecursor

Silurian

Insects originated in _____ period

Springtail

Rhyniella is a genus a fossil of a _____

Carboniferous

Period: Palaeodictyopterida (extinct); Ephemeroptera; Odonata; Orthoptera; Hemiptera; Blattodea

Prothoracic winglets

Palaeodictyopterida has ____ ____

Gigantic

Ephemeroptera and Odonata were _____

Permian

Period: Plecoptera; Phasmatodea; Coleoptera (early Holometabola)

Triassic

Period: all modern groups well represented except Hymenoptera (except horntail wasps) and lepidoptera

Jurassic

Period: aculeate Hymenoptera; early branching Diptera

Cretaceous

Period: amber preserved insects; Coleoptera; lepidoptera; bees; wasps begin massive radiations

Sea

Arthropods evolved in the ___

Terrestrial

Insects evolved from ____ hexapod ancestors

Northern

Fossil studies of ____ insects indicate that for the past 1 million years little to no change in morphology of insects

Little

Pleistocene climate fluctuations had ____ impact on genesis of new species

Disjunct distribution

___ ___ of related species suggest that they were derived from ancestor that existed prior to continental drift

Asia; North America

Aphid-sumac disjunct- ___ and ___ ___

South America; Africa

Fig-fig wasp disjunct- ___ ___ and ___

Tergal

Protowings: Hypothesis 1) wings originated as lobes derived from thoracic ____ origin called paranota

Pleural

Protowings: Hypothesis 2) Wings originated from epicoxa (____ origins); Exites and endites form to fuse the protowings

Paranotal lobes

Tergal origin: Gliding; catching sun (thermoregulation)

Gills

Pleural origin: fusion of appendages/ modified ___

Surface sailing

Raised winglets to skim; favored (stoneflies)

Avoiding competition

Evolution of metamorphosis: Allows ecological separation of immature and adult; ___ ___

Pronymph

A ____ is the evolutionary precursor to the holometabolous larva

Pupa

For holometabola, the ____ is now the sole nymph stage

Juvenile hormone

Prolonged pronymphal stage governed by elevated levels of ____ ____

Pupa

Incomplete metamorphosis nymph stage is equivalent to the ____ stage in complete metamorphosis

Larva

Incomplete metamorphosis pronymph stage is equivalent to complete metamorphosis ____ stage

Freshwater; marine

Aquatic insects are primarily ____; few adapted to _____ waters

Exclusively

Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera are almost ____ aquatic