Mid term set

Compound Light Microscope

Uses visible light and multiple lenses to magnify thin

Stereoscope (Dissecting Microscope)

Provides a 3D image with a large working distance

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Uses electron beams to create highly detailed

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Uses electron beams to create 2D images of the internal structures of a specimen (requires heavy metal staining for contrast).

Resolution

The ability of a microscope to distinguish two close objects as separate entities (clarity of the image).

Field of View

The visible area of the specimen when looking through the eyepiece. As magnification increases

Diaphragm (Iris)

The part of the microscope that controls the amount of light passing through the specimen to adjust contrast.

Aerobic Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to produce a large amount of ATP (approx. 36-38 ATP) in the presence of oxygen. Produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as byproducts.

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

The process of generating a small amount of ATP (2 ATP) without oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs in human muscle cells when oxygen is depleted during vigorous exercise.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Occurs in yeast

Glycolysis

The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Phenol Red

A pH indicator used in lab to detect cellular respiration. It turns yellow in the presence of an acid (like when CO2 from respiration mixes with water to form carbonic acid).

Enzyme

A biological catalyst (usually a protein) that speeds up chemical reactions.

Activation Energy

The energy required to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes work by lowering this ________.

Active Site

The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Catalase

An enzyme found in living tissues (like potatoes) that breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas.

Maceration

The process of crushing or breaking down a substance. Macerating a sample increases its surface area