Exam 2--SOC-101

Exam 2 Study Set. Exam 2 will include Chapters 2, 4, and 7.

empirical evidence is..

evidence that comes from direct observations, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation

The independant variable…

creates change

The dependant variable

is the change

operational definitions are…

specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study

Correlation is the…

relationship between 2 or more variables

What are some examples of survey research methods?

questionnaires, interviews, focus groups

What are some examples of field research methods?

participant observation, ethnography, institutional ethnography, case study

What are some examples of Secondary Data Analysis?

nonreactive research, content analysis, historical documents, evaluation research

Which one of these research methods focus on individual people or events?

Field Research

Qualitative research is…

Micro (story, details, nuance)

Quantitative research is…

Macro (%s, large populations, generalizations)

What is the term for repeating the research and getting the same results?

Reliability

What is the term for accurate measurements of variables?

Validity

Informed consent and debriefing are examples of what term?

Ethical Concerns

A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture

Society

Social Interaction is…

The strength of ties that people have to their social groups

habitualization is

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

achieved status is…

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

Ascribed Status is…

the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

Roles are…

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

Status is…

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

Role Strain is…

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

Role Performance (Goffman) is…

the expression of a role

Role Conflict is…

a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

“Society is a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society” is talking about what theory?

Functional Theory (Durkheim)

collective conscience is…

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

false consciousness is…

a condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interest

class consciousness is…

the awareness of one’s rank in society

Mechanical solidarity is…

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture (Pre-Industrial)

Organic solidarity is…

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences (Post-Industrial)

anomie is…

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Alienation is…

an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

Iron Cage is…

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

What forms societie’s base according to Conflict Theory?

economic structure

Capitalism is…

Production being owned by individual people and companies and not the government

Symbolic Interaction Theory (Weber)

a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

Rationalization is…

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

self-fulfilling prophecy is…

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

Social Construction of Reality says that…

How we define society influences how society actually is

Thomas Theorem is…

If we defined situations as real, they become real in their consequences. (rumors)

Institutionalization is…

Implanting a new convention norm or rule in society, legitimacy.

social integration is…

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

What is strain theory?

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Who created Strain Theory?

Robert Merton

What is Social Disorganization Theory?

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

What is the Essential Nature of Deviance?

The theory that deviance serves several functional purposes. Affirms existing norms, creates unity and solidarity, challenges views, and makes change. "A crime is a crime because we condemn it"

Who created Essential Nature of Deviance?

Emile Durkheim

Who created Social Disorganization Theory?

University of Chicago

What are the 3 Functional Theories?

Essential Nature of Deviance, Strain Theory, Social Disorganization Theory

Deviance is a…

Violation of established/ contextual, cultural, or social norms or laws. It is not the action but the reaction.

Social Order is…

Practices and behaviors that members of society base their daily lives on. Predictability and regularity.

Social Control is…

the regulation and enforcement of norms

Sanctions are..

The means of enforcing rules. Praises/Punishments, Formal/ Informal.

Which term means to accept the goals and have the legit means.

Conformity

Which term means to accept the goals and do not have the legit means.

Innovation

Which term means to reject the goals and have the legit means.

Ritualism

Which term means to reject the goals and do not have the legit means.

Retreatism

Which term means to change the goals and change the legit means.

Rebellion