human behavior midterm module 4

what did the disease model identify?

problems in functioning and behavior are diseases to be cured

what are diseases identified through?

lists of symptoms

how are symptoms assessed in disease model?

by examining the identified patient

what fields to social workers collab with?

fields like medicine that uses disease models

what may social workers use to assess the clients problems in the medical model?

DSM-5

what does DSM-5 identify in the medical model in sw practice?

identifies disorders by lists of symptoms

controversies of DSM 5 medical model in sw include:

• role of pharmaceutical industry

• changes in criteria for autism

medical model type

theory

medical model focus

individual

medical model assumptions

people are passive agents in their development

medical model strengths

• place emphasis on biological issues that can cause problems

• physiological problems and their interventions can be empirically tested

• pinpointing problems can offer clients hope for a cure

medical model limitations

• use of diagnostic criteria for mental illnesses can be unreliable among clinicians

• reduces clients to a set of symptoms which may leave them feeling powerless to change

what does plasticity refer to?

the brain changing or adapting

whose brains have the most plasticity?

childrens

whose brains have some ability to recover?

adults

if neurons are damaged, recovery may happen by:

• surrounding neurons growing new branches

• other areas of the brain taking over

• generating new neurons

what happens if neurons are destroyed?

recovery is less certain

thalamus

relay station, also involved in sleep and walking

cerebral cortex

complex mental functions like planning and thinking

neocortex

• higher functions like language, judgment, abstract reasoning

• also understanding others intentions, feelings, thoughts

brocas area and wernickes area

help control and understand languageb

corpus callosum

consists of connections between the hemispheres

occipital lobes

processes color, shape, motion

temporal lobes

hearing, language, memory

frontal lobes

• personality, language, and voluntary control of muscles

• implicated in phineas gages symptoms

Prefrontal cortex

Planning, reasoning, self control

Parietal lobes

Attention, spatial location, motor control

Limbic system

• amygdala processes survival-oriented information like mates, food, social rivals

• Hippocampus is involved in memory storage and recall

Which populations have higher risks of TBI and CTE?

Military veterans and athletes

Leading causes of TBI and CTE

Falls, violence, and motor vehicle

Dendrite

Receives messages from the axon

Myelin sheath

Speeds transmission

Axon terminal

Transmits messages to axon

Nucleus

Contains neurons genetic material

Axon

Conducts electrical impulses

Acetylcholine

Stimulates neurons to fire; involved in muscle movements, learning, and memory

Dopamine

Controls voluntary movements; affects sleep, mood, learning, and attention

Endorphin

Stimulates neurons to fire and depresses nervous system activity

GABA

Inhibits nervous from firing

Glutamate

Stimulates neurons to fire; involved in learning and memory

Norepinephrine

Inhibits firing of neurons in the central nervous system; stimulates neurons to fire in the heart, muscles, intestines, and urogenital tract; controls alertness

Oxytocin

Associated with love and bonding

Serotonin

Regulates sleep, mood, attention, and learning

Why are neurotransmitters important to sw?

• processes involving neurotransmitters are implicated in some psychiatric issues

• Psychotropic drugs and other therapies work by altering neurotransmitter processes

Synapses

the gals between neurons

Synapses step 1

Electrical impulses travel down the axon and trigger the release of a neurotransmitter

Synapses step 2

The neurotransmitter travels across the synapses to a receptor site (receptor sites are specific for neurotransmitters)

Synapses step 3

If the neurotransmitter reaches a receptor site for it, it will trigger the receiving neuron to fire

Synapses step 4

The axon will reuptake neurotransmitter that is still in the synaptic gap

CNS

Brain and spinal cord

PNS

Connects brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body

What do various glands secrete?

Various hormones into the body

What do cells contain in the endocrine system?

Receptors for different hormones

Adrenal glands release hormones:

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Hormones released from the ovaries:

Estrogen

Hormones released form the pancreas:

Insulin

Pituitary gland hormones released under anterior lobe:

• Adrenocorticotropic

• Follicle stimulating

• Growth hormone

• Luteinizing hormone

• Prolactin

• Thryroid stimulating

• Anti diuretic

• Oxytocin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates the adrenal glands to reduce hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone

Ensures functioning of the ovaries and testes

Growth hormone

Facilitates healthy growth, bone and muscle mass, and fat distribution

Luteinizing hormone

Ensures functioning of the ovaries and testes

Prolactin

Stimulates breast milk production

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates thyroid to produce hormones

Anti diuretic hormone

Prompts kidneys to increase water absorption

Oxytocin

Stimulates breast milk productions and contractions during childbirth

Testes hormone released:

Testosterone

Adrenal glands functions

• regulate mood energy level and stress reaction

• Chronic stress can lead to persistent release of hormones causing damage to the immune system

Ovaries functions

• regulate female sexual development and reproduction

• Decrease of estrogen in menopause can contribute to osteoporosis and sexual dysfunction

Pancreas function

• controls glucose and regulates metabolism and weight

• Insulin regulation problems can cause diabetes and obesity

Pituitary gland functions

• known as master gland because it controls growth and regulates other glands

• Hypothalamus sends signals to anterior love to release hormones of inhibit hormone productions

• Posterior lobe of pituitary gland receives hormones directly from hypothalamus and releases them

What can disrupt pituitary gland?

Tumors and other problems with the gland can disrupt its ability to release hormones, such as causing release of too much or not enough specific hormones

Testes function

• regulates sexual development and reproduction

• Low levels of testosterone are implicated in cardiovascular diseases, sexual dysfunction, and diabetes

Genetic makeup affects:

All processes in the body

Nuclei of cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes

23

How many pairs is the sex chromosome?

One pair

Half of each pair comes from the___, the other from the ____

Egg, sperm

What do genes expression depend on?

Hormones, the environments, and other things

Most human traits are determined by:

Multiple genes

Traits based on single genes are used to:

Illustrate inheritance

Epigenetic

How out behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way our genes work

Piaget theory of cog development 4 stages

1. Sensorimotor

2. Preoperational

3. Concert operational

4. Formal operational

Sensorimotor (0-2yr)

• interact with the environment and get pleasant or unpleasant results

• Develop object permanence

Preoperational (2-7yr)

• egocentric

• Animism

• Focus on one aspect of object

• Lack of conversation

• Inability to think about events in reverse order

• Developing classification

• Ordering objects based on characteristics

Concrete operational (7-12yr)

• can take others perspectives

• Master classification, conservation, serration

• Can use symbols to represent real world objects

Formal operational

• can use hypothetical deductive reasoning

• Can use abstract reasoning and logic

Schemas

Internal ideas and representations about the world

Accommodation

Changing schemas to fit new information

Assimilation

Taking in new information that fits existing schemas

Cog development type

Theory

Cog development focus

Individual

Cog development assumptions

People are passive agents in their development

Cog development strengths

• many constructs can be tested empirically and used to test behavior

• Constructs are consistent with knowledge in biological aspects of cog development

• practical for use

• Behavior can be predicted in the context of stage development

Cog development limitations

• explanation of development stops at adolescence

• Theory was developed on a small non representative sample

• Isn’t very flexible to allow for individual variations in development

Id

• element of unconscious based on basic needs and drives

• Creates tension until need or drive is satisfied

Ego

• develops in early childhood to keep the id in check

• Finds ways to meet ids needs without unwanted consequences

Superego

• conscience, which develops around ages 3-5

• Creates anxiety or guilt based on society’s morals and values

• Puts further demands on the ego to do the right and avoid wrong

Psychoanalysis often aims to make the unconscious conscious

• break down defense mechanisms

• Actually resolve conflicts that are causing fixation

Oral stage (0-18m)

Pleasure centers on activities of the mouth, including feeding, sucking, chewing, and biting. Child focuses on receiving and taking

Anal stage (18m-3y)

Pleasure centers on anal activities such as toileting. Child focuses on giving and withholding

Phallic stage (3-6y)

Pleasure centers in the genitals and self manipulations