psych test 4

industry vs inferiority

developing a sense of competence vs lack of confidence

what are the consequences if industry vs inferiority is not resolved

negative feelings emerge, less participation in opportunities

how does self concept change

more balanced descriptions, social comparisons

factors related to gender typing

cognitive, gender socialization

mastery orientation

crediting successes to ability and failures to changeable factors

learned helplessness

attributing failures to liability while attributing success to luck

factors that impact self esteem

peer acceptance, family relationship/status

characteristics of emotional development

self esteem and peer approval

friendship

type of friend affects development

selmons first stage of friendship

(stage 0) momentary physical interaction in early childhood

selmons second stage of friendship

one way assistance in late early childhood and middle childhood

selmons third stage of friendship

fair weather cooperation in middle childhood and early adolescence

selmons fourth stage of friendship

intimate and mutual sharing in late middle and adolescence

selmons fifth stage of friendship

autonomous interdependence in late adolescence and adulthood

popular prosocial

receive many votes in the like category, high academic performance

bullying

unwanted aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived social imbalance

characteristics that may increase risk of bullying

lgbt, disabilities, socially isolated, less popular, overweight, low self esteem

socially integrated bullies

popular, high self esteem and social intelligence, low empathy

bully victim bullies

hyperactive, less popular, at increased risk for long term impacts

what increases the likelihood of being a bystander

age, the amount of people, how severe the bullying is

family structure

legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home

family function

the way a family works to meet the needs of its members

first of the family functions

providing food and shelter

second of the family functions

encouraging learning

third of the family functions

developing self esteem

fourth of the family functions

nurturing relationships with peers

fifth of the family functions

providing harmony and stability

family stress model

financial stress impacts parenting psychological functions which increases interparental conflict and and negative parenting

factors and outcomes that can impact family function

high parental stress and conflict, low income

mothers vs fathers

spend more time with children for emotional needs vs tied to social situations (play)

sibling relationships

support children receive impact relationships, get along if they are temperamentally similar

only child

higher in self esteem, closer with parents, peer acceptance is less favorable

adoptive families

develop secure attachment, adoptive is better than foster cate

single parent

increased risk of lower academic success and high behavior problems

lesbian and gay parents

no difference

parental divorce

drop in income, increased stress, improved adjustment after 2 years, impacts education and occupation status

blended families

mother stepfather: older children develop adjustment problems, father stepmother: reduced father child conflict

Piagets concrete operational stage

conservation: decentration and reversibility, classification, seriation: ability to order objects

changes in attention

becomes more selective, adaptful, and playful

changes in knowledge and memory

becomes more elaborate leading to greater academic success

benefits of bilingualism

sensitive period in childhood, displays cognitive flexibility

characteristics of body growth

slow regular pace, gross motor: flexibility, fine motor: writing

health concerns

vision, hearing, dental, type I and ii diabetes, asthma

developmental psychopathology

links the study of development with the study of disorders

principle 1 of psychopathology

abnormality is normal

principle 2 of psychopathology

disability changed year by year

principle 3 of psychopathology

life may be better or worse in adulthood

principle 4 of psychopathology

diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context

multifinality

what outcomes can occur from the event

equifinality

potential causes of the event

resilience

the capacity to adapt well to significant diversity and to overcome serious stress

factors that promote resilience

easy temperament, mastery orientation, warm parental relationship, coping strategies

problem centered coping strategies

identify difficulty and decide what to do

emotion centered coping strategies

internal, private, aimed at controlling distress the little can be done about outcome

asd (autism spectrum disorder)

developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

iq (intelligence quotient)

used to determine intellectual disabilities, 100 is the norm

dyslexia

difficulty processing words

dyscalculia

difficulty processing mathematics

dyspraxia

difficulty carrying out physical coordination

dysgraphia

difficultly writing

aphasia

lost the ability to understand or produce words

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

guarantees right to education for those with disabilities until they turn 21

forms of hostile aggression

physical, verbal, relational

factors that impact aggression

individual differences, family, media violence

odd (oppositional defiant disorder)

ongoing pattern of aggression or irritable moods

cd (conduct disorder)

repetitive pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are violated

benefits and concerns for children involved in sports

overtraining can cause injury or depression, but can also decrease risk of health problems and greater memory

features of elementary education

class size, physical setting, curriculum, evaluation of progress, relationships with families, student teacher interactions, teacher burnout

popular antisocial

receive many votes in the like category, causes trouble

rejected aggressive

receive many votes in the do not like category, show aggressive behavior

rejected withdrawn

receive many votes in the do not like category, socially awkward children

controversial

liked by some and disliked by others, prosocial but behavior fluctuates

neglected

not disliked or liked by peers, do well academically and emotionally but does not interact with others

average

have few positive and negative votes, most children are in this category