History final

Oasis

Fertile area in a desert with water

Caravan

Group of travelers trading across deserts

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Sharia

Islamic law

Jihad

Struggle to follow God's will

Quran

Holy book of Islam

Muhammad

Founder and prophet of Islam

Sunni Muslims

Muslims who believed leaders should be elected

Shiite Muslims

Muslims who believed leaders should come from Muhammad's family

Bedouins

Nomadic people of the Arabian Desert

How was Islam able to spread and maintain a large empire?

Strong armies, trade networks, and tolerance of conquered peoples

What values made Islam appealing to converts?

Equality, charity, simple beliefs, and a clear moral code

What advances came from the Golden Age of Islam?

Math, medicine, astronomy, architecture, and science

Fief

Land given by a lord to a vassal

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jewish people

Canon Law

Laws of the Catholic Church

Infrastructure

Basic systems like roads and bridges

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights

Charlemagne

Frankish king who united much of Europe

Vikings

divided charlemanges empire

How did the fall of Rome lead to the Dark Ages?

Trade declined, cities shrank, and central government disappeared

How did the Church maintain control over rulers?

Through excommunication and influence over people

How was a manor self-sufficient?

It produced its own food, clothing, and goods

Civil Service Exam

Test used to select Chinese government officials

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire

Wu Zhao

Only female emperor of China

How did the Tang and Song create a golden age?

They encouraged trade, technology, education, and the arts

Positive effects of Mongol rule in China

Increased trade and stability

Negative effects of Mongol rule in China

Chinese people had less political power

How were noble women in China and Japan different?

Japanese women had more freedom than Chinese women

Mansa Musa

Wealthy ruler of Mali

Animism

Belief that spirits exist in nature

Artisan

Skilled craft worker

Oba

King or ruler in West Africa

Swahili

East African culture blending African and Arab influences

Gold and Salt Trade

Major West African trade network

How is Africa diverse and complex?

Many cultures, languages, religions, and environments

How does trade contribute to cultural blending?

People exchange ideas, beliefs, and goods

Why did Great Zimbabwe (africa) decline?

Resource decline, overgrazing, and declining trade

How did geography affect life in Africa?

Deserts, rivers, and climate influenced settlement and trade

Welfare

Government support for people's needs

Chinampa

Floating farm used by the Aztecs

Tribute

Payment made to a ruler

Quipu

Knotted cords used by the Inca for record keeping

Role of human sacrifice in Aztec society

To honor gods and maintain religious order

How did the Aztecs engineer Tenochtitlan?

Causeways, canals, aqueducts, and chinampas

How did the Inca manage a vast empire?

Roads, quipu records, and strong central government

How did the Mayan calendar regulate life?

Guided farming, religion, and important events

Parliament

English lawmaking body

Estates General

French representative assembly

Magna Carta

Document limiting the king's power

Crusades

Religious wars between Christians and Muslims

Hundred Years' War

Long war between England and France

Black Death

Deadly plague that killed millions

Major impacts of the Black Death

Population decline and labor shortages

Major impacts of the Crusades

Increased trade and cultural exchange

Major impacts of the Hundred Years' War

Stronger national identities and weaker feudalism

What challenged feudalism?

Growth of trade, guilds, and towns

What led to self-government?

Magna Carta, Parliament, and Estates General

Humanism

Focus on human potential and achievement

Patron

Person who financially supports artists

Vernacular

Everyday language spoken by ordinary people

Indulgences

Payments for reduction of punishment for sins

Purgatory

Place where souls are purified before heaven

Predestination

Belief that God has already chosen who will be saved

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist and inventor

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist and sculptor

Raphael

Renaissance painter

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press

Henry VIII

English king who founded the Church of england

Elizabeth I

English queen who strengthened Protestantism (christian)

Ferdinand and Isabella

Monarchs who united Spain

How did the Renaissance reflect changing values?

Focus on individual achievement and learning

Impact of the printing press

Ideas spread faster and books became more available

How did reformers differ?

Different beliefs about salvation and church authority

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

Counter-Reformation

Philosophe

Enlightenment thinker

Social Contract

Agreement between people and government

Separation of Powers

Dividing government power into branches

Thomas Hobbes

Supported strong government

John Locke

Believed in natural rights

Montesquieu

Developed separation of powers

Catherine the Great

Enlightened ruler of Russia

Philip II

Absolute monarch of Spain

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch of France, the Sun King

Galileo

Scientist who supported heliocentrism

Isaac Newton

Developed the laws of motion and gravity

How did absolute monarchs gain control?

They weakened nobles, built strong armies, and centralized power

How did the Scientific Revolution change thinking?

It emphasized observation, experimentation, and reason

How did Enlightenment thinkers apply reason?

To government, economics, education, and religion

French Revolution goals

Liberty, equality, and popular government

French Revolution major event

Storming of the Bastille

French Revolution outcome

End of monarchy

the middle passage

forced voyage of many enslaved africans

columbus debate

debate on his legacy

What were the economic and cultural reasons for exploration?

Search for wealth, trade routes and resources while cultural reasons included Christianity and curiosity from the Renaissance

How did the growth of Intercontinental trade result in the Atlantic slave trade?

Created plantations that needed lots of workers so they used enslaved Africans as cheap labor leading to the Atlantic slave trade

How did advancements and technology give conquistadors an advantage over people of the New World?

They had more weapons and horses which made them stronger and allowed them to conquer easily