BIO 006: Practical #2

Know every structure, function and ploidy of every slide that we review.

See Slide Review packet

Define meristematic tissue, simple permanent tissue, and complex permanent tissue.

Meristematic Tissue: allows continuous growth as long as the plant lives.

Two types:

• Apical Meristem: found at the tip of the stem and the root, responsible for primary growth, increases length of the plant

• Lateral meristem: only found in specific species, present at the sides of the stem and roots, responsible for secondary growth. Responsible width

Simple permanent tissue: made up of only one type of cell performing a uniform function

Complex permanent tissue: mature cells that are completely differentiated, perform different functions but work together as a unit

Understand the tissue flow chart. Could you visually identify each tissue on the chart?

a. Compare differentiated with undifferentiated.

b. What does apical meristem differentiate into?

c. What does each of the meristematic tissues differentiate into?

a. Differentiated cells have a unique function al location within the plant body. Undifferentiated cells are immature and are in constant grow.

b. Protoderm, ground meristem and procambium.

c. Protoderm into epidermis. Ground meristem into ground tissues (Cortex, Pith rays, Pith). Procambium into vascular tissues of the steam (bundle cap of phloem, phloem, fascicular cambium, xylem).

Primary vs Secondary Growth in Tissue

Primary:

Apical meristem produces three tissues:

1. Protoderm: on the surface of the plant, differentiates into the epidermis of the plant

2. Ground meristem: differentiates to form ground tissue, cortex, pith, and pith rays

3. Procambium: Differentiates into vascular tissue, which is responsible for bundle cap, phloem, xylem, and fascicular cambium

Secondary:

Two different types of lateral meristem; vascular and cork cambium

• Vascular cambium: produces tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

  • Secondary xylem: responsible for growth width of the plant (found in inner vascular cambium)

  • Secondary phloem: external to vascular cambium, produces annual growth rings

• Cork cambium: replaces the epidermis with periderm made of cork (bark)

Know the four cell types that can be found in xylem. What is xylem's function?

Xylem: responsible for transporting water and minerals from root to shoot (XYLEM UP)

1. Vessel elements: responsible for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant. A vertical row of vessel elements is called a vessel.

2. Tracheids: has pores that allow for horizontal movement of water and minerals. (secondary growth)

3. Parenchyma: a large, thin-walled cell throughout the plant, used for storage

4. Sclerenchyma fibers: thick-walled cell, supports and protects (usually long and narrow, while sclereids are clumped and isodiametric (pear shaped)).

Know the four cell types that can be found in phloem. What is phloem's function?

a. Differentiate between vessel elements and tracheid’s. Where would you find each?

b. Where would you locate a sieve tube element? What is a sieve plate? Where is it

located?

Phloem: transports sugars and organic molecules throughout plant (PHLOEM DOWN)

1. Sieve tube element: responsible for transporting sugars and organic molecules

2. Companion cells: responsible for the control of physiology of the sieve tube elements

3. Parenchyma

4. Sclerenchyma

Know the plant organs and their function.

Only organs are roots, stem and leaves:

1. Root: a plant organ in VASCULAR plants, that secures the plant in place, absorbs water and minerals from soil

• Taproot: develops from embryonic root, produces lateral roots that branch off the primary root (seen in eudicots)

• Lateral root: grows from the pericycle of an established root

• Fibrous root: smaller branching roots (seen in monocots)

• Root hairs to increase surface area

Eudicot vs Monocot

2. Stem: consists of alternating system of nodes (point where leaves are attached) and internodes

• Eudicot stems:

Differentiate node from internode.

Differentiate between abaxillary and adaxillary.

Recognize and know the functions of the following. Determine if they are found in monocots or

eudicots or both: epidermal cells, palisade mesophyll cells, spongy mesophyll cells, vascular

bundles, guard cells, stomata, waxy cuticle, stomatal crypt, bulliform cell, bundle cap,

Casparian strip, vessel elements, bundle sheath, bundle sheath extensions, astrosclereids,

petiole, blade (lamina).

11. How do you identify monocot versus eudicot based on leaves? Based on flower pattern?

12. Name two locations where you might find suberin.

13. Differentiate between xerophytic, mesophytic and hydrophytic adaptations.

Differentiate between tap roots, fibrous roots, lateral roots, trichomes and root hairs. What type

of cell do lateral roots originate from? What type of cell do root hairs originate from?

What is the difference between the pith and the cortex? Where would you generally find each?

What is the inner most tissue of the cortex in a root? What is the outermost layer of the stele?

What is another name for stele?

16. Describe and differentiate between the vascular cambium and the interfascicular cambium.

Understand the photosynthesis experiment that used three unique tubes and Elodea.

a. What was the pH indicator?

b. What were the variables?

c. Was sugar production measured?

d. What turned the bromothymol blue (in water) into a green liquid?

e. As the solution in the tubes became green, was it becoming more alkaline or more

acidic?

What role does CO2 play in this experiment? In what tubes does the concentration stay

the same? Change?

g. Describe what you learned about solubility and Rf.

a. The pH indicator was bromythymol blue

b. Independent variable: the presence/absence of light, Dependent variable: pH level/color change of the solution indicating carbon dioxide consumption or production

c. No, instead gas exchange was

d. First, we exhaled CO2 which dissolves in water to form carbonic acid lowering pH and turning the indicator from blue to green

e. More acidic

f. CO2 serves as carbon source for photosynthesis. The tubes most exposed to light should change carbon concentration. The tube with blocked light should stay the same

g. Higher solubility in solvent leads to greater migration distance, resulting in higher Rf value.

Would you recognize the overall equation for photosynthesis? Is it an overall endergonic or an

exergonic pathway?

Endergonic as it absorbs energy from the sunlight.

19. Do plants perform photosynthesis or cellular respiration or both?

Both

Can you differentiate between a root and a stem cross-section? Can you further differentiate

between a monocot or eudicot root or stem?

See lab manual page 141

21. What is pericycle? Where can it be found?

Made up of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells and form outermost boundary of central vascular cylinder (stele). Found in roots positioned just inside the endodermis, completely surrounds inner xylem and phloem (found in both monocot and dicot roots). Found in stem positioned around the ring of vascular bundles in dicot stems, absent from monocot roots.

What are endodermal cells? What unique structure is associated with endodermal cells? What

is the function?

Innermost layer of the root cortex. , has a wall of endodermal cells that have a waxy b

How would you visually differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and

epidermal cells?

24. What is the lateral meristem? When do you see secondary growth?

What differentiates spring wood from summer wood? What do annual rings allow you to

determine?

26. What is the cork cambium? How is it different from the vascular cambium?

27. What is paper chromatography? What did it allow us to visualize?

28. What is the function of chlorophyll a? Are there other pigment molecules? Why?

Chlorophyll a absorbs light energy in blue-violet and red-orange wavelengths and directly converts it to chemical energy

There are accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b that absorb different wavelengths to broaden the spectrum a plant can absorb.

Carotenoids reflect different colors of light.

What is the difference between a closed system and an open system? Which are human

beings?

Open system: a system that exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings

Closed system: a system that exchanges only energy

Human beings are open systems.

If this Experiment Was Done: Visualizing an Organism’s Cellular Respiration- know the

scientific name of the organism that was used. Know the experiment goals, equipment,

reactants and products, even for the groups you did not join in.

31. Understand the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

First: energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only transform and transfer

Second: every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy of the universe

Would you recognize the overall equation for cellular respiration? Is it an overall endergonic or

an exergonic pathway?

Exergonic as it releases free energy as glucose

What organism grows on a Kirby-Bauer plate? What are you testing with the plate? Could you

describe what type of situations you might have observed?

34. What are protists?

They dont reallt have a way to explain what they area, theyre just not animals, plants, or fungi

35. What determines the phylum for protists?

Method of locomotion:

1. Pseudopods: false feet used amoeba

2. Cilia: tiny, hair-like projections used by paramecia

3. Flagella: whip-like tails used by organisms like trypanosomes

4. Non-motile: cannot move at all

36. Which phylum of protists is completely parasitic?

sporozoans

37. What organisms did you see on demo? What differentiates a vector from a host?

38. Can you identify each protist in a microscope? Do you know its form of locomotion?

39. Of the protists you saw, which cause disease and what disease do they cause?

40. How are individuals infected if the protist does cause disease?

41. Know the general plasmodium life cycle in the lab manual.

42. How did we determine patient zero with our ELISA?

43. What does the term ELISA represent?

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

44. What does ELISA allow you to detect? How?

45. What represents the antigen in the testing scheme?

46. Can you see antibodies?

47. How did you identify if you were infected?

48. Why was the color blue produced if it was present?

49. Why do you have positive and negative controls?

50. If you had a false positive, how do you think it occurred?

Can you tell the difference between blood cells? What do you look for in the neutrophil,

basophil or eosinophil? What does the red blood cell look like? How about the monocyte?

Lymphocyte? Platelet?

Do you know your mitosis and meiosis guided study worksheets? Do you understand the

difference between ploidy (n) and concentration (c)? Can you use the beads to describe each

step on the graph in your worksheet?

53. Can you identify all stages of mitosis in the onion root tip?

54. Can you identify all stages of mitosis in the whitefish blastula?

In the development of an animal, can you identify the slide that represents early and late

cleavage? When it has become a blastula? When it has become a gastrula? What does

gastrulation accomplish?

56. What are the four events of embryonic development?