Mineral resources

magnetite percentage?

72,black

hematite percentage?

68 , red

limonite percentage?

40 to 50, yellow

siderite percentage?

20 to 30

function of iron

1. used for production of iron which is a key ingredient for steel the basic material for heavy industries , all machineries and engineering products are made of iron and steel.

2. steel is also used to make automobiles , locomotives, ships beams used in buildings, furniture, tools, bicycles. it is used for its tonnage and purpose.

3. used in building dams and bridges and major structures required for the growth and development of every sector of economy.

largest reserve and largest producer of iron ore?

Jharkhand and Karnataka

jharkhand distribution? iron

noamudi and gua in singbhum district'

chiria mines are the largest iron ore deposits in india with estimated reserves of 2000 million tonnes of iron ore

odisha distribution?iron

sundargarh, sambalpur, keonjhar

karnataka distribution? iron

chitradurga, shimoga, tumkur

Chattisgarh distribution? iron

bailadila in bastar district

dhalli and rajhara in durg district

goa distribution? iron

bicholim, netralim, sanquelim, borgadongar

andhra pradesh distribution? iron

anantapur, yellore, kurnool

tamil nadu distribution? iron

salem, madurai , coimbatore

maharashtra distribution? iron

ratnagiri, satara, raigadh

iron trade in india? who is largest exporter of steel?

4th largest exporter of iron after australia, brazil and china, inferior ores and fines are converted into pellets before export

china is worlds largest exporter of steel industry and imports iron over and above its own production

manganese uses?

1. imp mineral in steel making, when mixed with iron, it increases the strength of steel

2. dry cell batteries

3. paints and glass

4. bleaching powder

5. agricultural fungicide for cereal diseases in crops

biggest producer in india?

Odisha, 44 percent

Odisha distribution? (manganese)

sundargarh and sambalpur

karnataka distribution? (manganese)

shimoga, tumkur, chitradurg

maharashtra distribution? (manganese)

nagpur, ratnagiri

madhya pradesh distribution? (manganese)

chindwara and balaghat

andhra pradesh distribution? (manganese)

srikakulam and visakhapatanam

indian production and trade? why has it decreased in the recent years? who is the largest importer of indian manganese?

fifth largest exporter

exports are decreasing in recent years due to increase in demand within the country owing to the expansion of the indigenous iron and steel industry. Indian manganese is in great demand due to its good quality.

japan

three classes of carbon?

1. oxide

2. carbonate

3. sulphide

characteristics of copper?

1. soft, malleable and ductile and therefore can be easily drawn into wires

2. high conductivity of heat and electricity

3. is resistant to corrosion and also has the ability to form alloys with other metals, completely soluble with gold, forms bronze with combined with tin and brass when mixed with zinc

uses of copper?

1. ideal metal for electric wires

2. water pipes, utensils, coins, alloys

3. important base metal having wise industrial applications , ranging from defense , railways, space porgrammes, power lines and telecommunication cables.

madhya pradesh distribution? (coppper)

balaghat district

rajasthan distribution? (coppper)

alwar and jhunjhunu district

jharkhand distribution? (coppper)

Singhbhum

andhra pradesh distribution? (coppper)

guntur and kurnool districts

karnataka distribution? (coppper)

chitradurg and hassan

Maharashtra distribution? (coppper)

Chandrapur district

indian production conditions for copper?

1. deficit in copper reserves

2. per annum production of copper has also declined

3. presently we recycle scraps and import copper for domestic requirements

bauxite characteristics?

1. principal ore of aluminum

2. widely used for automobile, shipbuilding and aeronatuical industries.

uses of aluminium?

1. refractory materials, chemicals or cements

2. since its light and durable metal , its chief raw material in the manufacture of aircrafts

3. electrical industry for its good conductivity

4. utensils

5. headlight reflectors, mirrors and telescopes

odisha distribution? (bauxite)

sundargarh and sambalpur districts

jharkhand distribution? (bauxite)

ranchi and palamau

madhya pradesh distribution? (bauxite)

mandla and balaghat

chattisgarh distribution? (bauxite)

durg and raigarh districts along with maikala range of hills in bilaspur

Maharashtra distribution? (bauxite)

ratnagiri, pune ,satara

where is india in terms of energy consumption?

3rd largest energy consumer

advantages of conventional resources of energy?

1. fossils fuels are energy rich resources that combust easily and release a good amount of energy when burned. thus they support heavy energy requirements.

2. coal, petroleum and natural gas and running water are reliable energy resources and the power generated from them is consistent and they can be stored and used on demand that goes a long way in preventing wastage.

3. while cost of raw material is high for fossil fuels, high calorific value results in in a relatively low cost per unit of energy . hydropower is also one of the less expensive sources of electricity.

4. fossil fuels resources can be transported easily to areas of power generation by road, railways or waterways. the power generated can be transmitted easily and are therefore linked up to power grids.

5. ONLY FOR HYDROPOWER - though a conventional source, can be renewed as it uses a natural resource water. hence it can sustain energy requirements for generations to come. its also a clean energy resource as it does not involve combustion and there is no emission of GHGs. natural gas is also a cleaner fossil fuel compared to coal and petroleum .

disadvantages of conventional resources of energy?

1. other than hydropower, they’re not eco friendly resources as they involve huge carbon emissions that pollute the environment leading to global warming which is one of the major causes of climate change

2. mining, extraction and combustion of fossil fuels lead to a release of SULPHIDES, ARSENIC, DUST AND OTHER POISONOUS GASES into the atm. this causes grave health risks and scars the landscape. (Not hydropower)

3. theyre non renewable and this supply challenge is biggest disadv. over utilization of these resources over a period of time will deplete the current reserves and they are not sustainable.

4. though hydropower is ecofriendly, but the dams that are constructed to harness it can bring about ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE, INTENSE FLOODING AND DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENET.

5. there not cheap, moreover transportation costs of the fossil fuels can be an expensive proposition also.

occurrence of coal?

1. lies as a sedimentary rock below the surface of the earth

2. occur in hot, wet, swampy regions like deltas, coastal plains and river valleys

3. coal is formed by the decay and decomposition of vegetative matter

4. over millions of years, these vegatative remains pile up and due to heat and immense pressure, they get modified into dark coloured, solid, combustible, organic, carbonaceous, stratified seams of sedimentary rock known as coal.

uses and advantages of coal?

1. traditionally used for cooking fuel and heating in the domestic sector

2. as a major source of heat energy, it also has major role in industries as a source of power, it can be converted into gas, oil, and thermal electricity.

3. forms a basic raw material for production of cement, chemicals, dyes, fertilizers, paints, synthetics, explosives and many more.

4. used in steel industries for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

5. by products are BENZOL, AMMONIA GAS, NAPTHA, PHENOL TAR AND SULPHUR which have multifarious uses.

disadvantages of coal?

1. burning coal is major source of pollution and GHG emissions. in addition to CO and heavy metals like Mercury, the use of coal releases SO2, a harmful substance linked to acid rain.

2. coal take many millions of years to form which means we may be using this finite resource faster than it can replenish itself, thus it is not a sustainable source of energy.

3. coal mining tends to make the land barren due to deforestation and destroys the habitats of the wild animals.

types of coal and their uses?

1. Anthracite - above 90 % carbon content , best quality, most preferred, moisture free, lesser smoke generation , lesser ash, lesser pollution, it burns for a longer time and leaves very little ash behind, it is preferred for domestic purposes, metallurgical purposes and in iron and steel industry, has high heating value

2. Bituminous - 70-80% carbon content, most used, easily available and is widely used for domestic purposes in India, used to produce coke, coal gas and steam coal, mainly found in Gondwana coalfields.

3. Lignite - 60-70% carbon content

4. Peat - very poor carbon content (less than 50%)

india’s position in the world in terms of coal production?

second largest in the world after china.

Differentiate between gondwana and tertiary coal field.

gondwana

1. more than 98 % of Indian coal is from the gondwana era and is located in the basins of the rivers of DAMODAR, MAHANADI AND GODAVARI.

2. superior quality coal

3. high carbon content

4. more in demand

5. moisture free

tertiary -

1. newer and younger in age and chiefly consist of lignite and peat

2. less carbon content

3. poor quality

4. less in demand

5. high amount of moisture

who is the leading producer of coal in india?

largest coal mine in india?
first coal mine in india?

Odisha

Jharia

Raniganj 1774

West bengal distribution? (coal)

ranigunj

jharkhand distribution? (coal)

jharia, bokaro

andhra pradesh distribution? (coal)

singareni, kothagudem

chattisgarh distribution? (coal)

korba,rampur

maharashtra distribution? (coal)

wardha, chandrapur

madhya pradesh distribution? (coal)

pench valley, shahdol, singrauli

odisha distribution? (coal)

talcher and sambalpur

jammu and Kashmir distribution? (coal)

Reasi

assam distribution? (coal)

Lakhimpur

arunachal pradesh distribution? (coal)

Namchik

nagaland distribution? (coal)

Borjan, Tuensang

meghalaya distribution? (coal)

Darangiri, Balphak

rajasthan distribution? (coal)

Pallu

tamil nadu distribution? (coal)

Neyveli, Mannargudi

occurrence of petroleum?

1. in its crude form, its a viscous black inflammable liquid that is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.

2. is derived from decomposed plant and animal remains buried millions of years ago.

why is petroleum known as rock oil?

1. petroleum occurs in association with NATURAL GAS AND WATER.

2. it lies in the sedimentary rock formations like SANDSTONE, LIMESTONE or SHALE.

hence its known as rock oil.

why is petroleum known as liquid gold?

1. crude oil trades at a very high value all over the world and is hence referred to as liquid gold.

that is why oil rich nations like saudi arabia and UAE are very wealthy.

how is petroleum obtained?

1. oil is explored from oil wells by the process of drilling

2. thereafter, the crude oil is sent to the refineries where its impurities are removed after which it can be used in various forms like PETROL , DIESEL OR KEROSENE.

3. several other by products are also obtained during the process of refining crude oil

uses and advantages of petroleum?

1. used as a source of power and fuel for automobiles, locomotives, planes and ships.

2. used for generation of thermal power

3. by products include LUBRICANTS, PARAFFIN WAX, PETROLEUM JELLY, TAR, ASPHALT.

4. may be mixed with various types of chemicals to form petrochemical products such as PLASTIC, SYNTHETIC FIBRES, COSMETICS, PAINTS, VARNISHED AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER.

disadvantages of petroleum?

1. burning petroleum products releases high amounts of CO2 and other GHGs making them the primary contributors to global warming and climate change. These toxic gases and smoke also adversely affect all life forms including humans. BENZENE for e.g. that is found with hydrocarbons is a known CARCINOGEN.

2. its resources are limited and its a non renewable form of energy.

3. oil spills during transportation as well as offshore exploitation of petroleum can cause pollution of land and water. marine ecosystems get severely affected due to oil spills.

Name the corporation in the public sector and private sector who are entrusted with the work of oil exploration in our country. With which drilling platform is the oil at Mumbai High taken out?

Public sector -

1. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)

2. Oil India Ltd.(OIL)

Private sector -

1. Reliance India Ltd.(RIL)

Others -

1. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOC)

2. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd .(HPCL)

3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL)

Oil at Mumbai High is taken out by the SAGAR SAMRAT drilling platform.

name an onshore and an offshore oilfield.

onshore - digboi (oldest oilfield)

offshore - mumbai high

assam distribution of petroleum?

digboi, rudrasagar, sibsagar

gujarat distribution of petroleum?

Ankleshwar, Lunej, Kalol, Dhokla

mumbai high of petroleum?

outside assam and gujarat, the biggest strike of oil was made in 1974 by ONGC on the continental shelf of the west coast. Mumbai High 120 km away from Mumbai , in the Arabian Sea became a very promising oil field of the country in the offshore region.

newer oilfield distribution of petroleum?

Andaman Nicobar, Rajasthan, Coromandel coast, cambay coast, krishna-kaveri-godavari basin

other offshore oilfield distribution of petroleum?

Bassein, Aliabet Islandds close to Bhavnagar in the Gulf of Cambay

From which all Gulf countries of the middle east does India import petroleum from and why?

1. Iran

2. Iraq

3. UAE

4. Saudi Arabia

5. Kuwait

to meet the rising demand for petroleum

Name the coastal locations in india where oil refineries are present and also name where inland oil refineries have been established.

coastal locations

1. Mumbai

2. Chennai

3. Visakhapatanam

4. Mangalore

5. Paradip

6. Haldia

7. Kochi

8. Jamnagar

inland refineries

1. Digboi

2. Barauni

3. Mathura

4. Panipat

Name the locations of public sector refineries under the IOC. Name the 3 largest refineries .

public sectors under IOC-

1. Mathura

2. Barauni

3. Haldia

4. Guwahati

5. Koyali

6. Panipat

7. Bongaigaon

8. Digboi

largest refineries -

1. RIL jamnagar (gujarat)

2. NEL vadinar (gujarat)

3. IOC Panipat (haryana)

Occurrence of natural gas?

1. its a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane.

2. it is also formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the earth over millions of years.

3. its found in deep underground rock formations most commonly associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs such as COAL BEDS OR WITH PETROLEUM DEPOSITS.

4. above most petroleum deposits, there is a layer of gas that flows naturally from the oil wells.

why is natural gas called the fuel for the future? also mention uses and advantages of natural gas. Who handles post exploration activities of natural gas?

fuel for the future

1. it is relatively cheaper than other fossil fuels

2. it is less polluting than coal and petroleum and is thus more eco friendly

uses

1. non renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating and generation of thermal electricity.

2. used as fuel for vehicles (CNG) and cooking (LNG)

3. used as a raw material for manufacturing fertilizers and chemicals.

4. used as a heat source in making glass, steel, cement, paper.

Gas Authority of India Ltd,(GAIL) handles the post exploration activities such as transportation , processing, distribution and marketing.

mention the disadvantages of natural gas

1. highly inflammable and hence even minor leaks can result in serious explosions .

2. the infrastructure that is required is expensive and pipelines need to be laid to take the fuel from the production to the consumption units.

3. non renewable fossil fuel that releases GHGs when brunt although emissions are comparatively lesser than those from coal and petroleum

Distribution of natural gas in india.

1. Assam and Tripura in the north-east

2. South Bassein (offshore)

3. Mumbai High (offshore)

4. Kutch (offshore)

5. Krishna-godavari and kaveri (offshore)

largest reserves

1. mumbai high and krishna godavari basin (40%)

2. assam (27%)

how is hydel power generated?

a hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create an artificial reservoir, along with a power generation station, where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place.

mention the advantages of hydel power.

1. an eco friendly source of power. its non polluting as no toxic emission take place during power generation.

2. water is a renewable source of energy and the same water can be used multiple times for the same purpose of power generation .

3. though initial cost of installation are high, its cheaper on the long run.

mention the disadvantages of hydel power.

1. cost of building dams is very high, thus its not very economical.

2. building of dams disturbs the equilibrium and may lead to earthquakes. it causes flooding and leads to displacement of large sections of population.

3. hydel power projects cause a huge loss of biodiversity as large areas are cleared of vegetation to make space for construction of reservoirs and power stations. When a large dam is built, the result is a downstream loss of a great many dish species that are important to riverine populations. thus , environment costs of hydel projects are quite high.

distribution of india’s multipurpose hydel power projects?

1. Damodar Valley Corporation Project on River Damodar in West Bengal and Jharkhand.

2. Bhakra Nangal Project on River Satluj in Punjab

3. Hirakud Project on River Mahanadi in Odisha

4. Sardar Sarovar Project on River Narmada in Gujarat

5. Tehri Project on the River Bhagirathi in Uttarakhand.

Why are north indian rivers extremely suited for generation of hydel power? name some important states and union territories for hydroelectric power generation.

North Indian rivers extremely suited for generation of hydel power because they’re perennial. As they have their source in the Himalayas, they receive water from snowmelt in the dry summer season.

1. Himachal Pradesh

2. Jammu and Kashmir

3. Uttarakhand

4. Punjab

5. Uttar Pradesh

6. Gujarat

7. Jharkhand

8. Odisha

9. Sikkim

10. Meghalaya

11. Manipur

highest dam - Tehri dam

how is hydel power generated in peninsular india? name some important states in south india where hydroelectric power generation takes place. what was the first major hydroelectric power station in india?

In peninsular india, hydel power is generated where the rivers descend down the slopes of the Ghats, forming huge waterfalls.

1. Maharashtra

2. Karnataka

3. Kerala

4. Andhra Pradesh

5. Madhya Pradesh

first major hydroelectric power station - 1902, near Sivasamudram Falls on the river Kaveri in Karnataka

On which river is the Bhakra Nangal Project built?

Which states benefit from it?

What are its objectives?

What are its components?

The Bhakra Nangal Project is on River Satluj, a tributary of Indus.

States benefitted (and the governments of these states jointly with the central government are only responsible for maintaining it)-

1. Punjab

2. Haryana

3. Delhi NCR

4. Himachal Pradesh

5. Chandigarh

6. Rajasthan

Objectives-

1. It was developed in 1963 to convert large tracts of barren land in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh into fertile agricultural land.

2. To control floods in the Satluj-Beas river valley.

3. To provide irrigation to adjoining states

4. generate hydel power

Components-

1. two dams at Bhakra and Nangal

2. Nangal Hydel Channel

3. several power houses to generate hydroelectricity

4. Electric transmission lines

5. Bhakra canal system for irrigation

On which river is the Hirakud Project built?

Which states benefit from it?

Which governments responsible are for it?

What are its objectives?

Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15km from Sambalpur, in the state of Odisha.

State of Odisha is benefitted, and its state government maintains the project.

LONGEST DAM IN THE WORLD

Objectives -

1. irrigation

2. navigation

3. generation of hydel power

4. flood control

Advantages of non-conventional resources

1. all clean energy resources that are ecofriendly, reduce our carbon footprint and do not emit GHGs or that pollute the environment.

2. they’re based on natural resources and waste resources that are free to use. they are economically beneficial.

3. they’re all flow resources that are inexhaustible and hence can provide a sustainable source of energy for all time.

4. non conventional sources such as biogas energy is based on recycling waste and it is not only cost effective source but also can provide a sustainable source of energy for all time.

5. ONLY FOR NUCLEAR - is extremely energy efficient with 1 ton of uranium providing more energy than 3 million tons of coal .

disadvantages of non-conventional resources

1. solar, wind, tides are intermittent and change dynamically. they are dependent on weather conditions and time of the day.

2. set up cost for the non-conventional energy systems such as wind turbines and solar panels are quite high.

3. setting up wind turbines , solar panels, biogas plants require large aeras of land for installation.

4. geothermal and tidal energy are not found in some places and may not be available everywhere.

5. they have certain environmental impacts like solar farms can change the surrounding ecosystem as they need large of land to set up . the underwater turbines used for tidal energy can disrupt marine animals their natural habitats.

6. non conventional energy systems demand more maintenance and are inconsistent as compared to conventional energy systems.

how is solar energy harnessed ? mention the advantages of solar energy

thermal energy from the sun can be obtained by using a solar collector or concentrator. solar or thermal energy is commonly used in many parts of india for solar cookers, solar water heating systems, solar air heating , crop drying, refrigeration, water pumping and water desalination. lying largely in the tropical climatic zone, India receives adequate solar radiation for solar energy generation. almost all the regions in the country are well located geographically for the generation of solar power. Rajasthan however tops the list of states with the highest installed solar power . Solar photovoltaic systems and solar collectors are used for powering av variety of low power applications in rural , remote, forest , hilly and desert areas, especially in non electrifies areas for lighting and water pumping , power for railway signaling, rural telecommunication systems. water purifying for drinking and irrigation , powering electronics , on offshore platforms and oil and gas pipelines and tv transmissions.

1. it is renewable and inexhaustible as long as the sun continues to shine giving out heat and light

2. it is a clean source of fuel

3. it reduces pressure on fossil fuels and cuts down on electricity bills.

distribution of solar energy

1. Rajasthan (Thar Desert has some of india’s best solar power projects)(BHADLA SOLAR PARK IN JODHPUR RAJASTHAN IS INDIA’S LARGEST SOLAR POWER PLANT)

2. gujarat

3. karnataka

4. tamil nadu

5. maharashtra

6. madhya pradesh

7. telangana

8. andhra pradesh

9. uttar pradesh

10. haryana

Rewa Solar Project was inaugurated in madhya pardesh and the project was a joint ventuer between the State Gov and SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd, , A Government of India Enterprise, Under Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)

explain tidal energy and mention the advantages of tidal energy

in India, systems to harvest electrical energy from the ocean tides are gaining importance as a viable technology to meet escalating demands. Tides are produced by the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon on the ocean waters. tidal energy is produced by the surge of ocean waters during the rise and fall of tides. Large underwater turbines are place in areas with high tidal movements and are designed to capture the kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity. Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the massive size of oceans.

1. It is reliable source as tidal currents are highly predicatable.

2. it is a renewable source of energy.

3. it produces no GHGs or other wastes.

distribution of tidal energy

1. Gulf of Khambat in Gujarat

2. Gulf of Kutch

3. Gangetic delta in the Sunderbans region of West Bengal

advantages of wind energy

1. It is a clean and sustainable source of fuel

2. it is cost effective in the long run

3. it produces no GHGs or other waste

How is wind energy harnessed? also mention the distribution of wind energy in india.

Wind energy - the kinetic energy of air in motion, manifested as wind , is an important renewable source of power. sites with steady, high speed winds are best for producing wind energy. wind turbines or windmills are constructed to capture the wind’s kinetic energy in a rotor consisting of two or more blades. mechanically coupled to an electrical generator that converts kinetic energy to mechanical or electrical energy . the turbine is mounted on a tall tower to enhance the energy capture. Numerous wind turbines are installed at one site to build a wind form of the described power generation capacity.

(coastal states with high speed steady winds ) like

1. Tamil nade

2. gujarat

3. Maharashtra

4. Karnataka

5. rajasthan

6. andhra Pradesh

LARGEST ONSHORE WIND FARM CLUSTER OF 1500 MW IS AT MUPPANDAL IN TAMIL NADU.