Anatomy, Physiology, and the Language of the Body

Studies the structure

Anatomy

Studies the function

Physiology

Study of Cells

Cytology

Study of Tissues

Histology

Visible to the naked eye

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy Examples

Organs, muscles, bones

Structures seen with magnification

Microscopic Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy Examples

Cells and Tissues

Focuses on diagnosis and research

Specialized Anatomy

Specialized Anatomy Examples

Clinical, pathological, and imaging anatomy

Levels of Organization (Least to most complex)

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Atoms combine to form

Molecules

Cells are made up of

Molecules

Tissues consist of similar types of

Cells

Organs are made up of different types of

Tissue

Organ Systems consist of many different ____ that work together

Organs

A human organism is made up of many ____ systems

Organ

Building larger molecules from smaller molecules

Anabolism

Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules

Catabolism

Provides protection, temp regulation, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis

Integumentary System

Provides support, protection, movement leverage, mineral storage, and blood cell formation

Skeletal System

Provides movement, posture, and heat production

Muscular System

Provides rapid control, response to stimuli, and activates muscles and glands

Nervous System

Provides hormone production and long-term regulation of body functions

Endocrine System

Transports blood and delivers oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and heat

Cardiovascular System

Returns tissue fluid, provides immune defense, and absorbs dietary fats

Lymphatic System

Provides gas exchange, oxygen supply, and carbon dioxide removal

Respiratory System

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and water, and eliminates solid waste

Digestive System

Removes nitrogenous gases, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance

Urinary System

Produces gametes and s*x hormones

Reproductive System

Body upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and feet flat and facing forward

Anatomical Position

Above

Superior

Below

Inferior

Front

Anterior

Back

Posterior

Towards midline

Medial

Away from midline

Lateral

Close to point of attachment

Proximal

Farther from point of attachment

Distal

Toward surface

Superficial

Farther inside

Deep

A _____ plane divides the body into left and right parts

Sagittal

A ____ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Frontal/Coronal

A ____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Transverse

Forms the main axis of the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk

Axial

Includes the upper and lower limbs and the structures that attach them to the axial region

Appendicular

Houses the Cranial and Vertebral cavity

Dorsal Cavity

Houses the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavity

Ventral cavity

Covers the organ surface

Visceral

Lines the cavity wall

Parietal

A lubricant that reduces friction

Serous fluid

The space between the parietal and visceral layers

Serous cavity

Heart serous membrane

Pericardium

Lungs serous membrane

Pluera

Digestive system serous membrane

Peritoneum

Superior to umbilical region

Epigastric

Middle region around the navel

Umbilical

Inferior to umbilical region

Hypogastric

Inferior to costal cartilages, lateral to epigastric

Right and left hypochondriac

Lateral to umbilical

Right and left lumbar

Lateral to hypogastric

Right and left iliac

Right Hypochondriac Region Organs

Liver and Gallbladder

Epigastric Region Organs

Stomach

Left hypochondriac region organs

Diaphragm, Spleen, part of stomach

Right lumbar region organs

Ascending colon of large intestine

Umbilical region organs

Small intestine and Transverse color of large intestine

Left Lumbar region organs

Descending colon of large intestine

Right iliac region organs

Colon and appendix

Hypogastric region organs

Potentially part of appendix and Urinary Bladder

Left Iliac Region organs

Initial part of Sigmoid Colon

X-Ray Function

Dense structures like bones appear light

X-Ray Uses

Bones and Breast tumors

CT Scan Function

Creates cross sectional images of body regions

CT Scan Uses

Bones, soft tissues, blood vessels

MRI Function

Distinguishes tissues based on water content

MRI Uses

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Ultrasound Function

Uses sound waves and can monitor movement in real time

Ultrasound uses

Fetus, abdominal, pelvic

PET Scan Function

Detects changes in cellular activity

PET Scan Uses

Artery, blockages

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal and external conditions

Homeostasis

Stimulus produces a change in a variable

Step 1

Receptor Detects Change

Step 2

Information is sent along afferent pathway to control center

Step 3

Information sent along efferent pathway to effector

Step 4

Response of effecter feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

Step 5

Detects change

Receptor

Interprets information and decides response

Control Center

Carries out response

Effector

Flow of Homeostasis

Stimulus, receptor, Input, Output, Response

Counteracts a change and helps restore homeostasis

Negative Feedback

Feedback reinforces a change and amplifies the response

Positive Feedback

Labor

Positive Feedback

Sweating/Shivering

Negative Feedback