Economics and Production Organization Review Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering industrial enterprise economics, labor productivity, tariff wage calculations, fixed asset valuation and depreciation, working capital management, cost accounting, break-even analysis, and temporal production principles.

What elements are included in the tariff wage system for workers?

Tariff grids, tariff rates, and the tariff-qualification reference book.

Under which forms of wage payment is the tariff system applied?

Piece-rate and time-rate forms of remuneration.

What distinguishes main workers from auxiliary workers?

Main workers are directly engaged in manufacturing finished goods (e.g., lathe operators), while auxiliary workers service and maintain equipment or support production (e.g., machine adjusters, equipment repair fitters, electric cart drivers).

How is labor productivity defined in terms of enterprise output?

It is the ratio of the volume of manufactured products to the average headcount of personnel ($\text{Labor Productivity} = \frac{\text{Volume of Production}}{\text{Average Headcount}}$).

What does labor intensity (трудоемкость) measure?

It is the labor-based indicator of labor productivity representing the expenditure of working time required to produce a unit of output.

How is the 4th-category tariff coefficient calculated if the 4th-category hourly rate is $249.2\,\text{rub.}$ and the 1st-category rate is $162.9\,\text{rub.}$?

$\frac{249.2}{162.9} = 1.53$.

What is the piece rate for an operation if the 3rd-category hourly rate is $120\,\text{rub.}$ and the operation time norm is $5\,\text{min}$?

$$120 \times \frac{5}{60} = 10\,\text{rub.}$$

What is the monthly earnings of a pieceworker who produced $1000\,\text{items}$ ($110\%$ of plan) at a base rate of $30\,\text{rub.}$ per unit with a $1\%$ bonus for each percent exceeding the plan?

Base pay is $1000 \times 30 = 30\,000\,\text{rub.}$; with a $10\%$ bonus ($3000\,\text{rub.}$), total earnings equal $33\,000\,\text{rub.}$

How does the piecework-progressive (сдельно-прогрессивная) wage system function?

Output within the established norm is paid at base piece rates, while output produced in excess of the norm is compensated at progressively increasing piece rates depending on the degree of overfulfillment.

What is an indirect piece-rate (косвенно-сдельная) wage system designed to stimulate?

The labor productivity of auxiliary workers who support and service main production workers.

How do fixed production assets (основные производственные фонды) transfer their value to finished goods?

In parts, gradually transferring their value over multiple production cycles via depreciation.

How is capital productivity (фондоотдача) calculated and what does it indicate?

It is calculated as the ratio of the volume of manufactured products to the average annual value of fixed production assets ($\frac{\text{Output}}{\text{Fixed Assets}}$), representing output generated per $1\,\text{rub.}$ of fixed assets.

How is capital intensity (фондоемкость) defined and calculated?

It is the reciprocal of capital productivity, calculated as the ratio of the average annual value of fixed production assets to the volume of manufactured products ($\frac{\text{Fixed Assets}}{\text{Output}}$).

What constitutes moral wear of the second kind (моральный износ второго рода)?

The loss of asset value caused by the emergence of new, technologically superior, and more productive equipment.

What is the useful life of a building if its annual linear depreciation rate is $2\%$?

$\frac{100\%}{2\%} = 50\,\text{years}$.

What is the residual value (остаточная стоимость) of a machine with an initial cost of $15\,\text{million rub.}$, an operational period of $8\,\text{years}$, and an annual depreciation rate of $10\%$?

$$15 - (15 \times 0.10 \times 8) = 15 - 12 = 3\,\text{million rub.}$$

What is the equipment shift coefficient (коэффициент сменности) if an enterprise has $1400\,\text{machines}$, with $1080$ operating in the 1st shift, $750$ in the 2nd shift, and $190$ in the 3rd shift?

$\frac{1080 + 750 + 190}{1400} = \frac{2020}{1400} \approx 1.44$.

What two components constitute an enterprise's working capital (оборотные средства)?

Working production assets (оборотные производственные фонды) and funds in circulation (фонды обращения).

How do working capital assets transfer their value to finished products?

Entirely and completely within a single production/operating cycle.

Which elements are categorized under funds in circulation (фонды обращения)?

Finished goods in stock, dispatched goods in transit, cash in hand and in bank accounts, and accounts receivable.

Which element of working capital is considered non-standardized (не нормируется)?

Accounts receivable (дебиторская задолженность) and cash balances on bank accounts.

What is the working capital turnover ratio ($K_{ob}$) if sales volume is $12\,\text{million rub.}$ and average working capital is $400\,\text{thousand rub.}$?

$\frac{12\,000\,000}{400\,000} = 30\,\text{turnovers}$.

What is the turnover duration in days if the working capital turnover ratio is $30\,\text{turnovers per year}$ (using a standard $360\text{-day}$ year)?

$\frac{360}{30} = 12\,\text{days}$.

What is the fundamental difference between a commercial and a non-commercial organization?

The primary goal of a commercial organization is profit generation, whereas non-commercial organizations do not pursue profit as their objective.

What is the supreme governing body of a Joint-Stock Company (АО)?

The General Meeting of Shareholders (общее собрание акционеров).

Under what legal rights does a unitary enterprise hold its property?

Under the right of economic management (хозяйственного ведения) or operative management (оперативного управления).

What components constitute the full cost (полная себестоимость) of production?

Production cost (производственная себестоимость) plus non-production (commercial/sales) expenses.

How are costs categorized based on their relationship to changes in production volume?

Semi-fixed costs (условно-постоянные) and semi-variable costs (условно-переменные).

What is the purpose of dividing costs into fixed and variable categories?

To determine the sales volume that ensures break-even operation (the critical production volume).

What is the break-even volume if unit price is $100\,\text{rub.}$, unit variable cost is $50\,\text{rub.}$, and total fixed costs are $250\,000\,\text{rub.}$?

$\text{Break-Even Volume} = \frac{250\,000}{100 - 50} = 5000\,\text{units}$.

What is product profitability (рентабельность продукции) and how is it calculated?

The ratio of profit from the sale of a product to its production cost, expressed as a percentage ($\frac{\text{Profit}}{\text{Cost}} \times 100\%$).

What does enterprise production capacity (производственная мощность) represent?

The maximum possible output of products of an established assortment over a period of time given the full utilization of equipment.

What is a technological operation (технологическая операция)?

A completed portion of the technological process performed at a single workstation by one or several workers.

What does the principle of proportionality (пропорциональность) demand in production organization?

Ensuring relatively equal throughput and output capacity across all stages, workstations, and workshops.

What is the principle of straight-line flow (прямоточность)?

Ensuring the shortest path of movement for items and assembly units throughout the stages of the production process.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of mass production (массовое производство)?

A narrow product range produced in very large volumes, workstations dedicated to a single recurring operation, and the lowest unit production costs.

What is the duration of the technological cycle for a batch of $50\,\text{parts}$ processed sequentially through three operations lasting $3\,\text{min}$, $4\,\text{min}$, and $3\,\text{min}$?

$T_{\text{seq}} = 50 \times (3 + 4 + 3) = 500\,\text{min}$.

How does parallel batch movement (параллельное движение) differ from sequential movement?

Under parallel movement, parts are transferred to the subsequent operation piece-by-piece or in transport batches immediately after completion, without waiting for the entire batch to finish processing.