Period 2 AP European History KEEP Terms

Louis XIII

French king who strengthened royal authority with the help of Cardinal Richelieu.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who centralized power and weakened the nobility.

The Fronde

Series of noble revolts against royal authority in France (1648-1653).

Catalan Revolts

Rebellions against Spanish rule that revealed weaknesses in the Spanish monarchy.

Dutch Resistance in the Spanish Netherlands

Revolt against Spanish rule that contributed to Dutch independence.

Celtic Regions

Areas in Scotland, Ireland, and France that resisted central government control.

Jan Hus

Czech religious reformer whose ideas challenged Church authority before the Reformation.

Defenestration of Prague

Event in 1618 that helped spark the Thirty Years' War.

James I

English king who supported divine-right monarchy and clashed with Parliament.

Charles I

English king whose conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell

Parliamentary military leader who ruled England after the Civil War.

English Bill of Rights

1689 document limiting royal power and protecting parliamentary rights.

Parliamentary Sovereignty

Principle that Parliament holds supreme political authority.

Insurance

Financial protection against risk that expanded during commercial growth.

Venture Capital Banking

Banking practices that financed trade and economic expansion.

Property Rights

Legal protections for ownership that encouraged investment.

Bank of England

National bank founded in 1694 that helped stabilize British finances.

Middle Passage

Transatlantic voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Triangle Trade

Trade network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Sugar

Plantation commodity that fueled Atlantic trade and slavery.

Tea

Imported beverage that became popular in Europe.

Silks and Fabrics

Luxury imports that reflected growing global commerce.

Tobacco

Cash crop widely consumed in Europe and grown in the Americas.

Rum

Distilled alcoholic beverage closely tied to Atlantic trade.

Dutch War

Conflict between France and the Dutch Republic during Louis XIV's reign.

Nine Years' War

European coalition war fought against Louis XIV.

War of the Spanish Succession

Conflict over who would inherit the Spanish throne.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish king who modernized warfare during the Thirty Years' War.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who westernized Russia and expanded state power.

Philip II

Spanish king who oversaw the height of Spanish power.

Philip III and Philip IV

Spanish rulers associated with Spain's decline in influence.

Intendants

Royal officials who enforced centralized rule in France.

Russian Academy of Sciences

Institution established to promote western learning in Russia.

Paracelsus

Early scientist who challenged traditional medical theories.

Andreas Vesalius

Anatomist whose dissections advanced medical knowledge.

Johannes Kepler

Astronomer who developed laws of planetary motion.

Isaac Newton

Scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who advocated separation of powers.

The Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu's influential work on government and liberty.

Cesare Beccaria

Enlightenment reformer who opposed torture and arbitrary punishment.

On Crimes and Punishments

Beccaria's work promoting legal reform.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment writer who advocated women's equality and education.

Marquis de Condorcet

Enlightenment thinker who supported social and political equality.

Coffeehouses

Gathering places where Enlightenment ideas were exchanged.

Academies

Organizations dedicated to scientific and intellectual learning.

Lending Libraries

Institutions that broadened public access to books.

Masonic Lodges

Fraternal organizations that spread Enlightenment ideas.

Physiocrats

Economists who believed agriculture was the source of wealth.

François Quesnay

Founder of Physiocratic economic theory.

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

French reformer influenced by Physiocratic ideas.

David Hume

Skeptical Enlightenment philosopher emphasizing empirical observation.

Baron d'Holbach

Enlightenment philosopher who promoted atheism and materialism.

German Pietism

Religious movement emphasizing personal faith and devotion.

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Advocate of smallpox inoculation in Europe.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who emphasized popular sovereignty and the general will.

Encyclopédie

Collection of Enlightenment knowledge edited by Diderot.

Diego Velázquez

Spanish Baroque painter.

Gian Bernini

Baroque sculptor and architect.

George Frideric Handel

Baroque composer known for large choral works.

J. S. Bach

German Baroque composer and musician.

Rembrandt

Dutch artist known for realistic portraits and use of light.

Jan Vermeer

Dutch painter famous for domestic scenes.

Jacques-Louis David

Neoclassical artist associated with the French Revolution.

Pantheon (Paris)

Neoclassical monument reflecting Enlightenment ideals.

Daniel Defoe

English novelist and author of Robinson Crusoe.

Samuel Richardson

English novelist who popularized the epistolary novel.

Henry Fielding

English novelist known for satirical works.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

German writer associated with Romanticism.

Jane Austen

English novelist focused on social relationships and class.

Seven Years' War

Global conflict that expanded British power and increased French debt.

American Revolution

Colonial rebellion that inspired European revolutionaries.

Peasant Grievances

Rural complaints about feudal obligations and taxation.

Bourgeois Grievances

Middle-class frustrations with political exclusion.

Bread Shortages

Food crises that intensified unrest in France.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Revolutionary statement of liberty, equality, and rights.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Law placing the Catholic Church under state control.

Constitution of 1791

Document establishing a constitutional monarchy in France.

Georges Danton

Revolutionary leader and member of the Committee of Public Safety.

Jean-Paul Marat

Radical journalist who encouraged revolutionary action.

Committee of Public Safety

Governing body responsible for the Reign of Terror.

Levée en Masse

Mass conscription policy during the French Revolution.

October March on Versailles

Demonstration that forced the royal family to Paris.

Olympe de Gouges

Women's rights advocate during the French Revolution.

Society of Republican Revolutionary Women

Organization promoting women's revolutionary participation.

Edmund Burke

Conservative critic of the French Revolution.

Careers Open to Talent

Napoleonic policy favoring merit over birth.

Centralized Bureaucracy

Government administration controlled by a strong central authority.

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

Legal code establishing equality before the law and property rights.

Concordat of 1801

Agreement restoring relations between Napoleon and the Catholic Church.

Secret Police

Government force that monitored and suppressed opposition.

Censorship

Government restriction of speech and publications.

Guerrilla War in Spain

Irregular resistance against Napoleon's occupation.

Russian Scorched-Earth Policy

Destruction of resources during retreat to weaken Napoleon's army