(finished) Botany - Anatomy/Types ID

Carpel

The entire female reproductive organ of a flowering plant; has ovary, style, and stigma.
Many of them make a pistil.

Pericycle

A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells encircling the vascular tissue in stems/roots.

In dicot roots, the pericycle strengthens the roots and provides protection for the vascular bundles.

Tracheids

A long/tapered dead lignified cell in the xylem of vascular plants.

• Transports water and inorganic salts; provides structural support for trees.

• The wood of gymnosperms are mostly made of them.

Meristematic tissues types

Apical meristem: On the tips of shoots and roots; increases length/height of them.

Intercalary meristem: On the leaves and internodes; increases length of internodes. Part of apical meristem.

Lateral meristem: On shoots/roots laterally; increases thickness.

What are the main components of stems?

Node: Specific points on stem where leaves, flowers, branches, and/or buds arise.

Internode: The sections of stem between two nodes. Has xylem and phloem; main function=transportation.

Bud: An undeveloped or embryonic shoot of meristematic tissue that’ll later develop into flowers, leaves, etc.

Apical (aka terminal): At tip of stems; drives vertical height of plant. High auxin levels here. (“apical dominance” when it inhibits the growth of lateral buds (keeps them “dormant” to focus growth upward))

Axillary (aka lateral): Occurs on “axil” where leaf meets stem. Grows into branches, leaves, flowers, etc.

Accessory: “Back up” apical buds in case the main one gets damaged. Around or next to main apical bud.

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem: Carries water, minerals, and inorganic nutrients. Moves upward.

• Made of xylem parenchyma, fibers, vessels, and tracheids.

Phloem: Carries sugars and organic compounds/nutrients around the plant. Gravity helps move it down from leaf to root, but can also go up.

• Made of sieve tubes/the companion cells that control them, and phloem parenchyma and fibers.

Root hairs
Root tip

Root cap

Root hairs: Outgrowths of epidermal cells on tips of roots. Improves water uptake due to higher surface area
Root tip: Very end of root.
3 regions: Region of cell division (new undifferentiated cells made), of elongation (cells grow, also lengthening root), and of maturation (differentiates into e.g. xylem, phloem, or root hairs).

Root cap: Mass of parenchyma cells at VERY end of root that protects it from damage. Also secretes “mucilage” to help it grow more smoothly into the soil. Helps with gravity perception.

Parenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Collenchyma

Parenchyma: The standard plant tissue, made of living, thin-walled cells. Stores carbs, food, proteins. A type called “chlorenchyma” in the leaves actively help photosynthesis.

Sclerenchyma: Rigid, supportive tissue made of dead cells (hollow “lumen”) with thick, hardened walls (“secondary walls”) that has lignin.

Collenchyma: Primary support tissue in herbaceous plants. Stretchy (accommodates growth); no lignin

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