(finished) Botany - Anatomy ID & Info

Carpel

The entire female reproductive organ of a flowering plant; has ovary, style, and stigma.
Many of them make a pistil.

Pericycle

A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells encircling the vascular tissue in stems/roots.

In dicot roots, the pericycle strengthens the roots and provides protection for the vascular bundles.

Tracheids

A long/tapered dead lignified cell in the xylem of vascular plants.

• Transports water and inorganic salts; provides structural support for trees.

• The wood of gymnosperms are mostly made of them.

Meristematic tissues types

Apical meristem: On the tips of shoots and roots; increases length/height of them.

Intercalary meristem: On the leaves and internodes; increases length of internodes. Part of apical meristem.

Lateral meristem: On shoots/roots laterally; increases thickness.

What are the main components of stems?

Node: Specific points on stem where leaves, flowers, branches, and/or buds arise.

Internode: The sections of stem between two nodes. Has xylem and phloem; main function=transportation.

Bud: An undeveloped or embryonic shoot of meristematic tissue that’ll later develop into flowers, leaves, etc. Some types:

Apical (aka terminal): At tip of stems; drives vertical height of plant. High auxin levels here. (“apical dominance” when it inhibits the growth of lateral buds (keeps them “dormant” to focus growth upward))

Axillary (aka lateral): Occurs on “axil” where leaf meets stem. Grows into branches, leaves, flowers, etc.

Accessory: “Back up” apical buds in case the main one gets damaged. Around or next to main apical bud.

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem: Carries water, minerals, and inorganic nutrients. Moves upward.

• Made of xylem parenchyma, fibers, vessels, and tracheids.

Phloem: Carries sugars and organic compounds/nutrients around the plant. Gravity helps move it down from leaf to root, but can also go up.

• Made of sieve tubes/the companion cells that control them, and phloem parenchyma and fibers.

Root hairs
Root tip

Root cap

Root hairs: Outgrowths of epidermal cells on tips of roots. Improves water uptake due to higher surface area
Root tip: Very end of root.
3 regions: Region of cell division (new undifferentiated cells made), of elongation (cells grow, also lengthening root), and of maturation (differentiates into e.g. xylem, phloem, or root hairs).

Root cap: Mass of parenchyma cells at VERY end of root that protects it from damage. Also secretes “mucilage” to help it grow more smoothly into the soil. Helps with gravity perception.

Parenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Collenchyma

Parenchyma: The standard plant tissue, made of living, thin-walled cells. Stores carbs, food, proteins. A type called “chlorenchyma” in the leaves actively help photosynthesis.

Sclerenchyma: Rigid, supportive tissue made of dead cells (hollow “lumen”) with thick, hardened walls (aka “secondary walls”) that have lignin.

Collenchyma: Primary support tissue in herbaceous plants. Stretchy (accommodates growth); no lignin

1, 2, 3, 4 and functions

1 Stamen: Surrounds pistil; made up of 2 parts: anther and filament. The male reproductive part of flower.

2 Anther: The part of stamen that bares and produces pollen; each anther is on top of a “filament”. To release pollen, opens up.

3 Pollen: The male gametophyte. Needs to make contact with sticky tip of female pistil called stigma for fertilization.

4 Filament: Thin stalk of stamen that holds anther up.

5, 6, 7, 8 and functions

5 Petals: Modified leaves often colored/shaped to attract pollinators. Surrounded by a whorl of sepals (aka calyx).

6 Stigma: Part of female reproductive part aka the pistil, and sits on top of “style”; sticky, to catch pollen

7 Style: Slender stalk of pistil that holds stigma, and connects it to ovary. Male genetic material passes through here into ovary to fertilize ovules. When this happens, ovules become seeds, and ovary becomes fruit.

8 Ovary: Base of pistil; holds unfertilized seeds/ovules. See above (#7) for more info.

9, 10, 11, 12 and functions

9 Ovules: Structures inside ovary that are fertilized, then turned into seeds (holds egg cell/embryo.)

10 Pistil: The female reproductive organ. See what is composed of via image.

11 Sepal: Supports/protects petals and/or young flower bud.

12 Receptacle: The thickened top of flower stalk where flower attaches

1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8 and definitions of 6, 7, 8

5 -

6 - Attaches blade to node

7 - Appears mostly in monocots. Outgrowth (can look like spine, leaf, etc) on both or one side of stalk

8 - aka lamina.

1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8

1, 2, 3

4, 5, 6

1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8, 9

1, 2, 3, 4

Stipule

An outgrowth borne on both sides of the base of a leaf stalk (aka alongside the petiole attachment on a stem), mostly in dicots.

Lenticel

Pores in the stems, bark, etc of woody plants that allow for gas exchange.

Also present in some fruits e.g. pears and apples; see image.

Holdfast

Root-like structure that anchors aquatic organisms e.g. seaweed in their substrate.
Does not perform root functions e.g. nutrient uptake.

Types of indeterminate inflorescence

Raceme - Separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central axis. e.g. blue wild indigo, mustard

Umbel - Flower stalks extend from a common point to form a flat or rounded shape. e.g. carrots, celery, dill

Corymb - The outer/lower flower stalks are longer than the inner/upper stalks so that they all reach about the same height. e.g. hawthorn, chokeberry

3 types of determinate inflorescence

Simple cyme - Main stem terminates in 1 flower that opens first, halting further upward growth. Secondary growth limited to exactly 2 lateral branches right below it.

Compound cyme - Main stem and each subsequent side branch terminate in a single flower.

Helicoid cyme (aka bostryx) - Main stem ends in a flower, while lateral branches develop repeatedly on one side of the axis, forming a coiled or spiral shape

Mesophyll (finish)

Where most photosynthesis takes place. In betwteen upper and inner epidermis

Vegetative vs floral meristem

Vegetative:

Floral: Cells are “determined” (once differentiated, will no longer divide). Verticillate (whorled) phototaxis, giving rise to carpels, petals, stamens, and sepals

Perianth

The non-reproductive parts of a flower

Types of branching (4)

Apical (dichotomous) - Apical meristem divides into two equal, independently functioning axes. Two main types: monopodial and sympodial. E.g. liverworts.

Monopodial - Some more “primitive” than sympodial. A main “shoot apical meristem” (SAM) has indeterminate growth, while subordinate lateral branches shoot out. E.g. spruce, pines

Sympodial - Terminal bud/main stem ceases to grow (because e.g. a terminal flower grew), while axillary buds become lateral (vertical) branches— aka sympodium, which looks like a main stem but didn’t derive from terminal bud— that repeat the process. E.g. Joshua tree, tomatoes

Adventitious: Branches that grew in unexpected places from the normal process of branching in plants e.g. far from leaf axils or apex

Anisotomous vs pseudomonopodial branching

Types of apical branching.

Anisotomous: Daughter branches diverge in unequal size, girth, and/or angle

Pseudomonopodial: Looks like monopodial, but isn’t; so anisotomous that daughter branches look like lateral branches

Plagiotropic branches

In some shrubs, sympodial branching can lead to these. Pretty much parallel to ground.

Monochasium vs dichasium

Types of determinate (cymose) inflorescences.

Monochasium - One secondary axis below terminal flower

Dichasium - Two secondary axis below terminal flower

Bracts

Usually at nodes where peduncle meets the rachis, (main central spine of pinnately compound leaves) meets the pedicels. Can protect flower buds/help attract pollinators.
Gives rise to four types of Inflorescence:

Ebracteate - No bracts

Bracteate - Reduced, divided, dissected, or otherwise specialized

Leafy - Unspecialized, and looks like small leaves.

Leafy-bracted - Between bracteate and leafy.

Determinate vs indeterminate inflorescences

Determinate - Monopodial or racemose. Terminal bud keeps growing/forms lateral flowers that mature from the oldest first. No terminal flower is present.

Indeterminate - Symopodial or cymose. Terminal bud forms a terminal flower then dies out. Lateral buds then develop into more flowers, which mature from the oldest first.

1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8

5 - Main growth tissue for secondary growth. Produces secondary xylem inwards the most, and also secondary phloem outwards.

6 - Produced by procambium, during primary growth.

7 - Aka wood. Layers of this throughout growing seasons cause the rings in trees. Contributes to secondary growth

8 - Produce phelloderm (inward cells) and especially cork (outward cells)

9, 10, 11, 12.
Define 9, 10.

9 - Single layer of cells; protests against water loss, absorbs water and mineral nutrients, regulates gas exchange

10 - Mostly has large thin-walled parenchyma cells. Outer cells may have thickened cell walls (then they’re called chollenchyma cells), or chloroplasts.

13, 14

13 - Contributes to primary growth.

14 - Contributes to secondary growth. Aka inner bark.

Term for plants with vs without petiole

With: Petiolate

Without: Sessile

Petiolule

Small stem that attaches a leaflet to the main leaf petiole.