Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Key Thinkers, Theories, and Women in Science

What theory placed Earth at the center of the universe?

Geocentric theory

Who proposed the heliocentric theory?

Nicolaus Copernicus

What is the title of Copernicus's work published in 1543?

Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

Mathematical equations for elliptical orbits around the Sun

Which scientist created his own telescope and published 'Starry Messenger'?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo, Starry Messenger

Saturn has rings, Jupiter has moons, and the Sun has spots

Galileo Galile

He was put on trial for heresy and forced to recant his findings.

What is the scientific method as defined by Francis Bacon?

A method involving observation and experimentation, known as the inductive method.

René Descartes

Deductive method and Cartesian dualism.

What is the famous quote by René Descartes?

'I think therefore I am.'

What role did royal societies play in the scientific revolution?

They were funded by monarchs to support scientific research.

Sir Isaac Newton publish

'Principia'

What concept did Sir Isaac Newton formulate?

Gravity and laws of planetary motion.

Maria Winkelmann-Kirch

An astronomer who discovered a comet and assisted her husband at the Berlin observatory.

What was Émilie du Châtelet known for?

Being a mathematician and physicist who translated Isaac Newton's 'Principia.'

What did Margaret Cavendish write?

'On Grounds of Natural Philosophy'

What is the title of Maria Merian's work?

'Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam'

Thomas Hobbes

He believed people were selfish and needed an absolute monarchy.

What are the main ideas presented in John Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government'?

Constitutionalism and natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Voltaire

Religious toleration and freedom of speech.

What is the significance of Denis Diderot's 'The Encyclopedia'?

It aimed to spread Enlightenment thought by compiling knowledge on all subjects.

Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws

Separation of powers into three branches of government.

Rousseau's , Social Contract

People must give up some freedoms for the general good.

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

Free market system and laissez-faire economics.

Who is considered the first English feminist?

Mary Astell