NSG 530 Exam 1 Questions and Verified Detailed Answers; for Guaranteed Success -Wilkes University

Interphase

cell feeds, metabolizes and grows while replicating DNA in preparation for mitosis

Prophase

first appearance of chromosomes (will be 92)

Metaphase

Centrioles pull chromosomes to opposite sides of cell (chromatid) - 46 each side

Anaphase

Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled apart

Telophase

New nuclear membrane formed around each group of 46 chromosomes *When it goes right, euploid cells are produced*

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

Polyploidy

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Triploidy

when an organism has three copies of every chromsome instead of two

Tetrapoloidy

euploid has 92 chromosomes and fetus usually does not survive

Huntington's disease

Single gene disorder (trinucleotide repeat mutation)

Autosomal dominant (50% chance of passing it on)

Progressive neurologic disease with late onset (40s)

Prevention- genetic testing for pregnancy planning

Cystic fibrosis

Single gene disorder (CFTR gene mutation)

Autosomal recessive

Most common in white children

Defective transport of chloride ions cause salt imbalance- thickened secretions, digestive issues, malnutrition. Males and females

Must inherit two copies of gene (1 from each parent)

Turner syndrome

XO chromosomal disorder, monosomy of X-affects females

Short stature, webbed neck, undeveloped breasts but female genitalia, usually sterile

Down syndrome

Chromosomal disorder, trisomy 21

Affects both sexes

Intellectual disability, poor muscle tone, low nasal bridge, low set ears, protruding tongue, epicanthal fold

Fragile X syndrome

Chromosomal disorder (break in long arm of X)

Higher prevalence in males

Intellectual disability

Klinefelter syndrome

(XXY) chromosomal disorder 1:1000 male births

Male appearance, sparse body hair, mild intellectual disability

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

"When cast is removed from left calf, it is smaller than the right calf"

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

"Captain of roller derby team has greater thigh diameter at the end of the season than at the beginning of the season"

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

"Lining of uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen"

"Liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion"

Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature cell type or change in cell phenotype

"Columnar epithelium in bronchi of cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium after smoking cessation"

Dysplasia

Deranged cellular growth, is not considered a true cellular adaption but rather atypical hyperplasia

"Cells of the cervix can be classified on PAP as high grade or low grade depending on how abnormal the cells have become in size and shape"

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Hypertrophy (a form of anabolism) increases tissue mass by keeping the same number of cells and making each individual cell larger, but hyperplasia increases tissue mass by increasing the number of cells

What is suffocation?

Occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood. It can be caused by lack of O2 in environment (such as with carbon monoxide poisoning) or a blockage of the airway (choking).

CO Poisoning

CO has easier time binding to Hgb thus decreasing O2 binding causing sleepiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness

Dehydration

Reduction in bodily fluids

Symptoms- headache, thirst, fatigue, dry mucous membranes, lightheadedness

Elderly and infants more susceptible to low total body water

Why are geriatric patients susceptible to dehydration?

Lower total body muscle and fat mass

Why are infants susceptible to dehydration?

Higher metabolic rate and greater body surface area

Edema

Contributes to intracellular dehydration as fluid collects in extracellular areas due to osmosis

Osmosis

Where water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to a cell membrane becoming more permeable to water

Strangulation

Occurs when neck pressure collapses blood vessels, stopping blood flow to the brain

Innate immunity

First line of defense

Skin, mucous membranes, gastric acid, microbiome

Inflammatory response of innate immunity

Second line of defense

Neutrophils, macrophages, some nonphagocytic immune cells

Adaptive immunity

Third line of defense

T and B lymphocytes, antibodies

Natural killer cells

Eliminate virus-infected cells

Macrophage

Phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris

Secrete chemicals that promote tissue healing

Activate adaptive immunity

Eosinophil

WBC

Defend against parasites

Degrade vasoactive substances released by mast cells

Neutrophil

Phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris soon after injury

Secrete chemicals that call in longer-acting phagocytes

Mast cell

Releases chemicals that initiate the inflammatory response

Monocyte

Helps break down bacteria/virus/fungus/parasite

Lymphocyte

Create antibodies to fight against bacteria or virus

Basophil

Secrete chemicals (histamine) when infectious agents are noted to aid immune response`

Acute inflammation

Neutralizes and destroys microorganisms

What type of immunity prevents a neonate from developing an infection because he has maternal antibodies that he received in breast milk?

Passive

What type of immunity prevents a child from developing an infection because they have been vaccinated for it?

Active

What immunity prevents a man from developing an infection because he was infection with the same microorganism previously and recovered?

Active

What prevents a woman from developing an infection because she was given gamma globulin after being exposed to an infection person?

Passive

B Cells

Attack invaders outside of the cell

T Cells

Attack invaders inside the cell

IgG

Most abundant immunoglobulin

Transports across placenta

IgD

Low concentration in blood

Surface receptors on developing B lymphocytes

IgE

Active against parasites

Important mediators of allergic response

IgM

Produced during primary response to antigen

Largest immunoglobulins

IgA

Most abundant in body secretions

CF Likelihood

*Both Parents Must Carry Gene*

25 percent (1 in 4) the child will have CF

50 percent (1 in 2) the child will be a carrier but will not have CF

25 percent (1 in 4) the child will not be a carrier of the gene and will not have CF