Impacts and Challenges of Globalisation: Geography A Level

What does the term 'global shift' refer to?

The relocation of different types of industry, especially manufacturing.

Since when have many industries relocated from Europe and North America to Asia, South America, and Africa?

Since the 1960s.

What are the primary reasons for the global shift?

A combination of offshoring, outsourcing, and new business start-ups in emerging economies.

Which country has focused on manufacturing during the global shift?

China.

What unethical practices have been exported due to the global shift?

Poor working conditions, child labor, and low wages.

What is one benefit of the global shift for Asia?

Poverty reduction, with over 1 billion people escaping poverty globally.

What is one cost of the global shift for Asia?

Unplanned settlements and loss of recreational space due to rapid urbanization.

What economic class has emerged due to the global shift?

A 'new global middle class' of working people in urban areas.

What has led to the loss of productive land in Asia?

Exploitation and overuse of land, leading to soil erosion and infertility.

How has education improved across Asia?

Millions of graduate degrees are presented by over 2500 universities in China, India, and South Korea.

What is a negative impact of the global shift related to inequality?

The gap between the poorest and wealthiest is increasing, leading to growing inequalities.

What environmental problem is associated with the global shift in Indonesia?

100,000 hectares of rainforest are lost each year for palm oil plantations and mining.

What health issue arose from chemical exposure in China related to the global shift?

Workers were poisoned by chemicals used to treat glass for iPhones.

What impact does waste from factories have on health in developing countries?

Contamination of rivers can affect the immune system, making people more susceptible to illness.

What is one positive impact of TNCs paying taxes in host countries?

Governments can invest more money in hospitals and medical care.

What social issue has arisen due to deindustrialization in developed countries?

Dereliction resulting from factory closures and neglected housing.

What is a consequence of depopulation in inner city areas due to deindustrialization?

Rising crime in deprived urban areas.

What has caused high unemployment in developed countries during the global shift?

The closure of factories and loss of manufacturing jobs.

What infrastructure developments have occurred due to economic growth from the global shift?

Investment in motorways, high-speed railways, and airports.

What environmental impact does urbanization have on natural resources?

Reduced demand for natural resources can negatively impact economic growth.

What was Detroit known as in the USA?

Motor City, the heart of the American car industry.

What caused severe deindustrialization in Detroit?

The shrinking of the car industry and factories moving away.

By how much did Detroit's population decline from 1950 to 2020?

From 1.85 million to about 640,000, a loss of around 65%.

What was Detroit's unemployment rate at its worst?

About 23%, the highest of any large US city.

What significant financial event did Detroit declare in 2013?

The largest city bankruptcy in US history.

What is a megacity?

A city with a population of 10 million people or more.

How many megacities were there in 1970 compared to 2021?

3 megacities in 1970; 34 megacities in 2021.

What are the main causes of rural-urban migration?

Urban pull factors and rural push factors.

What is the primary urban pull factor for migration?

Employment opportunities offered by TNCs in urban areas.

What is the main rural push factor for migration?

Poverty, exacerbated by population growth and lack of jobs.

What social challenge is caused by rapid urban growth?

Insufficient affordable housing.

What environmental challenge is associated with urban areas?

Water pollution from untreated sewage.

What was Mumbai originally composed of?

Several separate islands that were joined through land reclamation.

What was Mumbai's population in 1950 and how much did it grow by 2000?

From 1.6 million in 1950 to 16 million by 2000.

What percentage of India's trade is through Nhave Sheva container port?

About 60%.

What is Mumbai's contribution to India's tax revenue?

40% of India's entire tax revenue.

What is the literacy rate in Mumbai?

89.73%, with male literacy at 92.6% and female literacy at 86.4%.

What is the daily waste production in Mumbai?

Over 11,000 tonnes, making it the most wasteful city in India.

What is a global hub?

A highly globally connected city, also known as a 'World City'.

Name two examples of global hubs.

New York and Tokyo.

What type of migration involves affluent individuals moving internationally?

High waged international migration.

Who are typically involved in high waged international migration?

Highly skilled and/or socially influential people, such as actors and bankers.

What is the expected number of megacities by 2030?

At least 40 megacities.

What is one major environmental challenge faced by megacities?

Air pollution from industry and vehicles.

What is the population density of Mumbai?

26,357 persons per km, making it the second highest in the world.

What are global citizens known for?

Living in multiple countries with numerous homes.

Name three global hubs that attract migrants.

London, Singapore, Los Angeles, and Dubai.

What types of jobs do low-wage international migrants typically hold?

Jobs in kitchens, construction sites, or as cleaners.

What is the main reason for urban growth in developing economies?

Internal rural-urban migration.

How many people move from rural areas to urban areas in India each year?

Around 3 million.

What are some benefits of migration for host countries?

Filling skills shortages, contributing to national earnings through remittances, and paying taxes.

What are some costs of migration for host countries?

Social tension, reduction in the independent working population, and increased dependents.

What is cultural diffusion?

The spread of cultural changes over time, often accelerated by globalization.

What does 'Westernisation' refer to?

The role of Europe and North America in global cultural change.

What is 'Globish'?

A simplified version of English that is used globally for business and technology.

How has global culture impacted Asian diets?

They have shifted from low-meat, high-vegetable diets to include more meat and fast food.

What is hyper-globalisation?

The idea that a westernised culture is spreading, leading to cultural erosion.

What are some examples of cultural erosion?

Loss of language, traditional foods, music, clothing, and social norms.

How can cultural erosion have positive impacts?

It can promote equality and reduce discrimination.

What is an example of a disadvantaged group benefiting from global culture?

The success of the Paralympics movement encouraging equal opportunities for disabled individuals.

What is one way that migration can impact host country culture?

It can introduce new customs and practices.

What is the role of TNCs in global culture?

They create uniform products globally, contributing to a common culture.

How does the BBC influence global culture?

It contributes to the UK's cultural influence abroad.

What is the Occupy Wall Street Movement?

A protest against economic inequality.

What does the Global Justice Movement advocate for?

The equal distribution of resources and access to technology.

How does France protect its culture against globalization?

By subsidizing French productions and mandating local content on television.

What is Extinction Rebellion?

A movement using non-violent civil disobedience to address the climate crisis.

What is one impact of cultural diffusion on media?

The adaptation of TV shows to reflect local cultures.

What is glocalisation?

The adaptation of global products to suit local cultures.

What is a major concern regarding migration in host countries?

That it leads to fewer jobs or housing for local residents.

What is a significant challenge faced by youthful migrant communities?

Shortages of school places due to natural increases in population.

What is one effect of rural-urban migration on disadvantaged groups?

It exposes them to equal opportunities, empowering them to challenge discrimination.