Bovine Lectures (done through LDA)

What are the 4 clinical syndromes of abomasal ulcers?

Non-perforating but painful with little bleeding

Non-perforating but bleeding

Slowly perforate and adhere to parietal peritoneum with pain similar to TRP

Rapid perforation and massive peritonitis, shock, death

What are C/S of a bleeding abomasal ulcer?

Melena, pale mm, rapid pounding heart, weakness, death if massive bleeding occurs

How do you treat a perforating ulcer with massive peritonitis?

Immediate surgery and flushing

Need aggressive antibiotics, NSAIDs, and IV fluids

Bland fiber diet

How can you reduce acid secretion?

Type 2 antihistamines like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine

PPI like omeprazole

Oral antacids but debatable

Sucralfate and misoprostol

What type of virus is bluetongue?

Orbivirus

What transmits bluetongue?

Culicoides

What are the C/S of bluetongue in sheep?

Fever, vasculitis, edema, oral lesions, coronitis

What are some ddx for bluetongue?

FMD, ORF, peste de petis ruminants, sheep pox, EHDV, other exotic diseases

When do bluetongue outbreaks occur?

Summer and fall

What teratogenic effects can bluetongue do?

Weak dummy lambs, abortions, stillbirths, hydrancephaly, arthrogryposis

How do you diagnose bluetongue?

ELISA, AGID, PCR

What are the post mortem lesions of bluetongue?

Widespread vasculitis and petechia, subendocardial hemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery

Oral lesions, pulmonary congestion and SQ edema, enlarged LNs and spleen, fluid in thorax and pericardium

How do you prevent bluetongue?

Control vector

Vaccinate everyone but pregnant ewes

Quarantine and restrict animal movement

What is normal calf behavior after birth?

Suckle reflex in 2-20 minutes

Stand in 1-3 hours

Nurse in 1-4 hours

What handling should you do with calves shortly after birth?

Dip naval in 2% tincture of iodine or other disinfectant

Milk out cow cleanly and feed 4 liters of first milking colostrum by esophageal feeder within 2 hours of birth

What immunoglobulin do calves get from colostrum?

IgG

What can failure of passive transfer lead to?

Sepsis and bacteremia

What pathogens can be transmitted by milk?

Johnes, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, Listeria, Campylobacter, M. bovis, E. coli, Staph, Strep

How do you treat ill calves?

Early application of oral fluids that will treat hypovolemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hypokalemia

How do you estimate a fluid deficit?

Body weight in kg X %dehydrated

T/F neonates have a higher % of total body water than adults?

True

Why do diarrhea calves get acidotic?

Gut bacteria create lactic acid

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in tissues

What is maintenance fluids in a calf?

40-80mL/kg/day

How much fluids do you want to give to a calf?

Maintenance + fluid deficit

What is the best oral alkalinizing agent?

Acetate because it does not affect milk digestion and is only slightly slower than bicarbonate

How do you determine the amount of alkalinizing agne to use in an acidotic animal?

Calf weight X 0.6 X base deficit

What do lesions in the cerebral cortex cause?

Change in mentation, blindness, circling

What do lesions in the brain stem cause?

CN deficits, circling, head tilt

What do lesions in the cerebellum cause?

Intention tremors, hypermetria/asymetria, incoordination

What do lesions in the spinal cord cause?

Ataxia, spinal reflexes, paralysis/paresis

What do lesions in the peripheral nerves cause?

Muscle tone/atrophy, paralysis/paresis

What diseases can cause brainstem lesions?

Listeriosis, otitis media/interna, TEME, brain/pituitary abscess, meningeal worm

What causes listeriosis?

Poorly fermented silage

What causes microabscesses in the brain?

Listeriosis

What are the c/s of listeriosis?

Asymmetric cranial nerve deficits

Dull and depressed

How do you diagnose listeriosis antemortem?

Mononuclear pleocytosis in CSF

How do you treat listeriosis?

Amoxicillin, procaine pen G, oxytet

Good prognosis

How is listeriosis zoonotic?

Through milk and meat products

What is the cause of polioencephalomalacia?

Thiamine deficiency

If there is cerebral cortico necrosis (polioenecephalomalacia) what is on the CSF?

Increased protein and increased monocytes

What are the general causes of colic?

Intestinal dilation with gas or fluid

Pulling on the root of the mesentery

Infarction/ischemia; loss of blood supply

Inflammation like peritonitis

What are C/S of colic in cattle?

Kicking at abdomen, treading with rear legs, switching tail, get up and down a lot, teeth grinding

What are the specific causes of colic in cattle?

Intussusception, cecal dilation/volvulus, volvulus of mesenteric root, intestinal obstruction, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, abomasal ulcer

What is the signalment of cecal dilation?

Over half will be within 2 months of calving due to increased gas production, decreased motility caused by a high grain diet

What are the C/S of cecal dilation?

Scant green feces, reduced appetite and milk production, enlarged abdomen

Ping on upper right from last rib to hip

Loaf of french bread cecum on rectal palpation

How do you treat cecal dilation?

Start medically with calcium, grass hay diet, space to exercise, and laxatives

Surgical if needed

How do cattle typically get intussusception?

Small intestine to small intestine in the jejunum in adults

In calves, can be small intestine or ileum into large bowel

What are the C/S of intussusception?

Dark red, blackberry jam scant feces

Painful on rectal palpation

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis as pyloric outflow backs up

How do you treat intussusception?

Surgical resection, antibiotics, NSAIDs

What is the prognosis of intussusception?

Poor-good depending on peritonitis and skill of surgeons

What causes enterotoxemia?

Clostridium perfringens (type B, C, and D are most important)

What does Clostridium perfringens type A cause?

Hemorrhagic enteritis of cattle

Abnormal tympany and ulcers in baby calves

Gas gangrene

What does Clostridium perfringens type B cause?

Lamb dysentery

ENterotoxemia of foals

What does Clostridium perfringens type C cause?

Necrotic hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of calves, lambs, kids, foals, and piglets

What does Clostridium perfringens type D cause?

Enterotoxemia (overeating disease) of sheep, goats, cattle

What does Clostridium perfringens type E cause?

Abomasal tympany and ulcers in calves

Enteritis in rabbits

How do you prevent Clostridium perfringens diseases?

Vaccination can cover type C and D or B C and D

Also will cover tetani, chauvoei, novyi, speticum, and sordelli species as well

How do you treat clostridium perfringens positive animals?

Antisera

What toxins does C. perfringens type A cause?

Alpha toxin lyses RBCs, WBCs, platelets leading to endothelial damage and necrosis of intestinal necrosis

What is Clostridium perfringens type D associated with?

Fast growing animals on a good diet on a rich pasture like alfalfa

How do you diagnose Clostridium perfringens type D?

Unvaccinated group with rapid onset, glucosuria, pericardial fluid, response to type D antisera

How do you vaccinate against Clostridium?

2 doses 2-4 weeks apart

When do cattle reach puberty?

8-12 months old

How long is the estrus cycle of a cow?

21 days

What does FSH do?

Stimulates growth of follicles

What does LH do?

Causes ovulation of oocyte from the mature follicle

What do follicles secrete?

Estrogen (positive feedback for LH release) and inhibin (negative feedback to regulate FSH)

What does the CL produce?

Progesterone which then causes negative feedback on release of LH

What destroys the CL?

PGF2alpha which is made by the endometrium

What is happening during proestrus?

Rapid follicular growth

Progesterone is low and estrogen is increased

Lasts 48 hours

What is happening during estrus?

Period of sexual receptivity

Clear vaginal mucus

Lasts 12-18 hours

When does ovulation occur in cattle?

12-18 hours after the end of estrus

What has been used to detect heat in cattle?

Pressure activated pads on the cow

Tail paint

Podometers

Motion sensors

What happens during metestrus?

Bloody vaginal mucus (too late to breed)

Lasts for 2 days

Progesterone is rising

What is diestrus?

Period of a functional CL

Duration is 16 days

Progesterone is high

What is the optimal breeding time for cattle/

From middle of estrus to 6 hours after estrus

When is the ovum fertilizable after ovultion?

8-10 hours

What are the indications for estrus synchronization?

Increased mating efficiency

Shortening the birthing season

Embryo transfer to line-up donors and recipients

What are the techniques of estrus synchronization?

Progesterone administration

Prostaglandin administration

Combination of progesterone and prostaglandin therapy

Ovsynch program (GnRH and PGF)

What is progesterone therapy to synchronous estrous?

Give progesterone for 10-14 days to create an artificial CL and suppress LH

Give PGF at the end to lyse all the CL

What is a CIDR?

Intra-vaginal device that provides progesterone to synchronous estrous in cattle

Describe synchronizing estrous with prostaglandin?

Give two injections of prostaglandins spaced 14 days apart

First dose synchronizes all cattle with a CL and breed all animals that have signs of heat

Second dose will the the rest of the cattle that were not bred to all lyse at the same time

What is the Ovsynch program?

Administration of GnRH to lutenize or ovulation of follicles

Administer prostaglandins 7 days alter to cause luteolysis

Give second dose of GnRH 2 days after prostaglandins to induce ovulation of the next follicle

How long is postpartum anestrus in cattle?

24 day to ovulation in dairy cattle

60 days to ovulation in beef cattle

What is the liver fluke in cattle?

Fasciola hepatica

What are C/S of liver flukes?

Weight loss, anorexia, anemia, hypoproteinemia, can die due to Clostridium in liver from migrating flukes

What is the lifecycle of Fasciola hepatica?

Develop in water and a snail. Seen in wet areas in the summer

How do you diagnose liver flukes?

Eggs on fecal sedimentation

Elevated GGT and Alk phos

ELISA in feces is newer tests

What causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (redwater)?

Clostridium novyi type D that is set off by flukes migrating in the liver

How do you treat bacillary hemoglobinuria?

Vaccinate against Cl hemolyticum

Penicillin

Good fluke control

What are causes of liver damage/

Rumenitis, enteritis, sepsis, flukes, abscesses, fatty liver in lactating or starving animals

What can cause liver failure?

Toxins like Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids or Aflatoxins

Accumulation of over 35% fat inthe liver

Environmental toxins like dioxin

Infectious diseases like Bacillary hemoglobinuria

What are the liver enzymes in cattlle?

SDH, GGT, AST, LDH, Alk Phos, OCT

What plants have Pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

Senecio jacobaea, Senecia vulgaris, Senecio longilobus

Amsinckia intermedia (fiddleneck)

Crotalaria

What is the MOA of PA toxicity?

Toxic pyrroles cross link DNA causing an antimitotic effect and megalocytosis until they are replaced by fibrosis

Long and slow effect

What causes hepatic lipidosis?

Well conditioned cows in a negative energy balance

Protein-energy malnutrition

Preg tox especially in sheep with multiple fetuses

Hyperlipemia in ponies

What happens during hepatic lipidosis/

Excess Acetyl CoA is used for ketone bodies

What is on diagnostics of hepatic lipidosis?

Ketonuria, elevated FFAs, low Ca, Decreased glucose and insulin, metabolic acidosis, elevated liver enzymes and neutrophilia

How do you treat hepatic lipidosis?

Eliminate negative energy balance with an IV glucose CRI, insulin, IM glucocorticoids, oral propylene glycol or glycerol

What is the history and signalment of an LDA?

First month after parturition

Animal with an inadequate DCAD diet

40% have a retained placenta, mastitis, or metritis