English as a global language

What is a "global language"?

"Relating to the whole world; worldwide" (Cambridge Dictionary).

What are Kachru's 3 circles of English?

Inner Circle (native), Outer Circle (second language), Expanding Circle (foreign language).

Examples of the Inner Circle?

UK, Ireland, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

Examples of the Outer Circle?

India, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Singapore, Pakistan, Tanzania.

Examples of the Expanding Circle?

China

Japan

France

Brazil

Russia

Examples of the Outer Circle?

India

Nigeria

Kenya

Ghana

Singapore

Pakistan

Tanzania

Examples of the Expanding Circle?

China

Japan

France

Brazil

Russia

What is the "first diaspora"?

Settlers moved to the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. They took the language with them.

What happened to Aboriginal people in Australia?

Before colonization: 300,000 to 750,000. Between 1788 and 1900: 90% died. This is called a genocide.

What is the "second diaspora"?

English spread through the British Empire and colonialism.

What is diglossia?

10 Example of diglossia? Ghana: English for official purposes, local languages for everyday life.

Two languages used for different purposes in the same society.

Ten Example of diglossia?

Ghana: English for official purposes, local languages for everyday life.

Why did Ghana choose English?

As a neutral language to avoid favoring one ethnic group over another.

What is a lingua franca?

A language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.

How many English speakers today?

About 1.5 billion speakers worldwide.

Why is English a global language? (business)

50% of world business deals are conducted in English.

Why is English a global language? (science)

2/3 of scientific papers are published in English.

Why is English a global language? (internet)

75-80% of world mail correspondence and 61% of internet content are in English.

Quote from Crystal (2003)?

"There is the closest of links between language dominance and economic, technological, and cultural power, too."

Is English a "killer language"?

It can be: "A language dies when nobody speaks it anymore" (Crystal, 2000).

Quote from Phillipson?

"The dominance of English is asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages."

Quote from McIntyre?

"English does not 'belong' to the English."

Quote from Rushdie?

"The English language ceased to be the possession of the English some time ago."

Quote from Seargeant?

"Such varieties [non-native varieties] are in fact sophisticated, rule-bound systems in their own right."