Biol 2110 Unit 3: Fungi and plants:

What is are the anatomy characteristics of fungi?

Filamentous body

Metabolism: Heterotrophic

Cell wall material: Chitin

Some are unicellular and some are multicellular.

What is mycology?

Study of Fungi

What kingdom are fungi more closely related to?

Animal kingdom but it used to be thought that it was the plant kingdom.

What type of fungi are unicellular?

Yeast

What are the structural characteristics of multicellular fungi?

Composed of Hyphae

The majority of the fungi structure isn't visable.

The visiable part of the fungi structure is called a mushroom

The nonvisable part is mostly reproductive structures and hyphae

What are hyphae?

long microscopic thread like tubular filiment that is the basic structural unti of fungi.

What is the purpose of hyphae?

They increase the surface area of fungi and increase absorption

What are the different types of hyphae?

Septate and Coenocytic Hyphae.

What are the structural characteristics of spetate hyphae?

Contain nuclei, cell wall, pores, and septum

What are the structural characteristics of coenocytic hyphae?

Cell wall

Nuclei

What are the Ploidy characteristics of multicellular fungi?

Mostly heterkaryotic

Much of cycle is haploid

some of cycle is diploid

What is heterokaryotic ploidy?

A cell that contains 2 or more nuclei within a shared cytoplasm.

What are the nutritional characteristics of Fungi?

External digextion followed by the absorption of materials, exoenzymes to digest materials, and a large surface area for absorption.

How do fungi reproduce?

Sexually and Asexually

What is the characteristics of asexual reproduction in fungi?

Haploid spores produced by haploid hyphae via mitosis.

What is the order of events for asexual fungi reproduction?

Mycelium (1n), mitosis, spores, germination

What are the sexual reproduction characteristics of fungi?

heterokaryotic

What does heterokaryotic mean?

Cells of different mating strains fuse togeather

What is the order of events sexually reproducing fungi?

Fruiting body develops, nuclei fuse to produce diploid cell, meiosis, haploid spores

how are phyla in fungi differentiaited?

Different reproductive structures

How many known species in Chytridiomycota?

750 known species

How many known species of Glowermycota?

200 known species

How many species does Zygomycota have?

1050 known species

How many species does Ascomycota have?

64,000

How many species does Saccharomyes Cerevisiae have?

1

What type of life style does chytirediomycota have?

Absoptive life style

What type of life style does Glomerocycota have?

Absorptive lifestyle

What type of life style does Zygomycota have?

Absorptive life style

What type of lifestyle does Ascomycota have?

Absorptive lifestyle..

What is an absoptive life style?

many decompose plants by digesting cellulose and mutualistic chytrids live in guts of cow, deer, and other mamals to help with digestion of plants.

What are the characteristics of Glomeromycota adaptive lifecycle?

Form a mutualistic associations with plant roots in the form of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

What are the characteristics of Zygomycota adaptive lifecycle?

Many are saprophytes and live on plant debris and some are parasitic to other fungi, insects, and spiders

What are chytrids bennifits and cons?

They can be mutualistic or parasitic and they can help with digestion of plant material or they can infect both plants and animals

What characteristics does ascomycota have in the absorptive lifestyle?

Many form ectomycorrhizal associations with tree roots and some mutualistic assotiations with photosynthetic algae or bacteria in lichens. Some are predatory or nematodes.

What is the life cycle of chytridiomycota?

only fungi that produces motile cells both in their spores and gametes as they swim with flagella

What is the lifecycle of Glomeromycota?

Many produce large spores but overall this specific fungi is hard to grow and study and sexual reproduction is not out of the picture.

What is the lifecycle of Zygomycota?

Asexual and Sexual

What is Asexual lifecycle of Zygomycota?

Asexual reproduction is very common and asexual sprangia produce spores

What is Sexual lifecycle of Zygomycota?

Involves fusion of hyphae and formation of zygosporangium and sexual sproangia

What is the life cycle of Ascomycota?

Produce haploid like spores in sac like asci and is sexual and a sexual.

What are asci?

Found on cupshaped structures mosly sexual reproduction though a sexual reproductuon is common.

What is Asexual lifecycle of Ascomycota?

Spores called conidia

What is Sexual lifecycle of Ascomycota?

Young ascos, karygamy, meiosis, mitosis, 8-spore formed, hyphae, make many nucle, plasmogany, hyphae duse, dikaryotic mycelium grows, mitosis

What is the order of the lifecycle of Zygomycota?

Conidia, hyphae, zygosporangia, zygote, meiosis, mitosis, asexual sprangium

What is the order of the lifecycle of Basidiomycota?

Seperate hyphae, fruiting body of heterokaryote (N+N) 4 haploid (n) spores produced per zygote (2n)

What are the characteristics of reproduction for Basidiomycota?

Predominately sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction is rare

Why are chytridiomycota relevent?

Some are parasites to mosquitos and have been studies as a bio pest control agent and responsible for amphibian population decline

What is the relevance of Glomeromycota?

Play large roles int he ecology of praries and tropical forests

What are the characteristics of Glomeromycota?

important association called arbuscular mycorritizae and 90 % of all plants have mycorrhizal relationships with members of this phylum

What class of chytridiomycota is responsibke for the decline of amphibian population decline world wide?

Batrachochytrium Denorobatidis

What is the relevance of Basidiomycota?

Mushrooms are used as a source of food and toxic, hallucinogenic, ectomyocorrhizal basidiomycetes enhance growth of hardened and soft woods, smut, anda rust. Cause economuc damage to crop plants , important in decomposition of wood, breakdown of lignin, and some form ectomycorrhizae with plants

Where do chytridiomycota normally reside?

In aquatic areas

What are the characteristics of cellularity of chytridiomycota?

Single celled or filamentous coenocytic. and one group of extant fungi that produces flagellated spores.

What are the characteristics of chytrids in aquatic chytridiomycota?

Some chytrid are parasitic to amphibians and infect their skin and disrupt their breathing and cause a decline in amphibian populations.

What has happened to the amphibian population since they were descreasing?

they have rebound and change in behavior, immune response, and their microbiome changed

What is the relvence of Ascomycota?

Lichens are often sensitive to air pollution and is used a a biosensor/indicator.

They are importnat decomposers

some pathogenetic

some form mycorrhizae and 40% are symbiotic with algae or cyanobacteria to form lichens

What are the characteristics of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae?

Most species found in Ascomycota by some are found in Basidiomycota.

Are Saccharomyces Cerevisiae unicellular or multicellular?

unicellular

How do Saccharomtces Cerveisiae reproduce

Sexually and yeast is used iin beer, wine, and bread

Asexually reproduced by budding

How are Fungi used in the creation of antibiotics?

Fungi comptet with bacteria for resources produce chemicals to kill those competing with bacteria and wide scale production of antibiotics in 1940s

How are fungi important in decomposition?

Saprophytic fungi are important ddecomposers and they release CO2 into the atmosphers while decomposing materials. CO2 previously made into sugar and tissues by plants

What is white rot?

All fungi release enzymes to externally digest materials and most fungi dont produce the enzyme that digests lignin and so white rot fungi do produce lignin and digesting enzymes and they evolved 280 million years ago.

What are mycorrizae relations?

Symbiotic relations between vascular plants and fungi and plants are helped because of the increased area for nutrient absorption and water. Fungi are hylped becuase they get carbon from the plant doing photosynthesis

What do ectomycorrhizal fungi do?

They formed sheaths around roots and penetrate between root cells

What do arbuculae mycorrhizal fungi do?

Connect plasma membrane of root cell.

How many species are Lichens?

135,000

What are Lichens?

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria where 85% of relations are with unicellular green algae and 15% are with cyanobacteria.

What is the photobiont bennifit of lichen relationships?

Fungi provide protection form the sun and herbivores as well as retain water and plants five fungi carbon via photosynthesis and some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen

What amount of Fungi are pathogens

30%

What are the different types of fungi pathogens

Basidiomycota (Corn smut), Ergot (Ascomycota), Cordyceps, Dutch Elm disease, fungal disease in bats, and ascomycota

What are the characteristics of Ergot (Ascomycota)?

Infects grain such as wheat, rye, and oats, causes st. Athoney's Fire and symptoms incluse seizures, psycosis, vomiting, edema, headaches, malaria.

It couls have contributed to the salem witch trial

What ar the characteristics of Coryceps?

Some medicine is derrived from the codyceps fungus. Filenya is a therapy for multiple sclerosis, an auto-immune disorder.

The drug uses a similar pathway to suppress human immune systems as the funsy does int eh caterpillar.

What are the characteristics of Dutch Elm Disease?

Caused by an ascomycete Ophopstoma Ulmi. Native to Asia and accidentally introduced to Europe and North America in 1940s. Vectored by 2 bark beetles species: Europe and Elm bark beetle killed 95% of North America Elms.

What ar the characteristics of Fungal disease in bats?

White nose syndrom and an ascomycete fungus Geomyces destructions.

Discovered in 2007 and has caused catastrophic declines in populations of several bat species in North America

What ar the characteristics of Ascomycota?

House molds

What ar the characteristics of Human Fungal disease?

Ringworm, Toenail fungus, Athlete's foot

What is the importance of plants?

Since colonizing land plants have derverisified into 290,000 living species, enabled other life forms to survive on land. Most of the world's animals and fungi depends on plants for survival.

What is Bontany?

Study of plants.

What are the structures of kingdom plantae?

Open systems

Metabolism: Photosynthetic

Cell wall material: Cellulose

What are Greenplants?

Green Algae and Land plants

What are the characteristics of green plants?

Multicellularity Eukaryotes, photosythetic autotrophs, cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts with chlorophyills (A&B). DNA Sequences similarities.

What happens in during cytokensis in kingdom plantae?

Formation of a phragmoplast. Cell plate to divide

What is plasmodesmata?

microscopic channels that pass through the rigid cell walls of plant cells and some lgal cells, directly connecting the cytoplasm of neighboring cells

What are the characteristics of plant metabolism?

Photoautotroph produce carbs by photosynthesis and use carbs by repiration and fix more carbon then they use.

Get H20 and Nutrients from the soil, improved by mycorrizal relationships (takes and mineral) and the photosynthesis products carbonhydrates

What are the advantages to a terrestrial enviorment?

More exposure to sunlight (not filtered by H20 or plankton), Atmosphere with abundant (CO2), rich mineral soil, few herbivors and pathogens initially.

What are challenges of the terrestrial enviorment?

Drive evolution in plants,

The is Desiccation?

Loss of H2O to the air so it Drys out

What innovation came from terrestrial enviorment?

The cuticle and so water tight waxy layer that covers the above gorund parts of plants. But now plants need openings to get O2

What does UV radiation?

Damages DNA and it's no longer filtered by the water so they now have waxy cuticle.

What innovation in terrestrial plants helped with support for the body of the organisms?

Lignin in the vascular tissue, plants compete for access to the sun, tall steps are susceptible to falling over

What are the innovations for the aerial parts of organisms not in direct contract with H20 and minteral nutrience?

The xylem which are dead hollow cells that form pipes for water and mineral transport (True vascular tissues, contains lignin)

What are the innovations of terrestial plants that are reproducing in dry enviorments?

Need to Facilitate mating even though adult are stationary. So to protect gametes, spores, seed from descisciccation. Protect embryos from harsh enviorment (Provide food for seedling)

What is alternation of generation?

The plant solution to sexually reproducing in a day enviorment where both generations multicellularity. Multicellularity stagers differ in morphology gametes are not from meiosis.

What are the advantages of alternation of generation?

2 mobile stages with the gametes and spore and 2 opportuinities for dispersal

What are the 2 multicellular generations alternate?

Haploid (N) gamertophyte and Diploid (2n) Sporophyte

What is the order of reproduction of plants with alternation of generation?

Spore (N), Mitosis, Gametophytes, mitosis, Gamete (N), Fertilization via mitosis, zygote, mitosis, Sporophyte (Multicellularity (2n)), meiosis.

What are single haploid cells intermediate in plants?

(N) Gametes and fertilizaiton-> mitosis

(N) Spores and multicellularity->meiosis

What are the steps in the alternation of generations?

Multicellular diploid sporophyte, produces haploid, grow into haploid gametophytes, gammetophytes produce haploid, gametes via mitosis, sperm fertilize eggs to produce diploid zygote, zygote grows by mitosis into diploid sporophyte

What is diploid in Green Algae?

Only the zygote is diploid and the diploid is only 1 cell this is not alternation of generations.

What is the order of green algae?

Gametes, fertilization, Zygote, meiosis, spores, mitosis