Human geo 2

Physical Factors Influencing Population Distribution

Natural conditions such as climate, water availability, landforms, soil, and natural resources that affect where people live.

Human Factors Influencing Population Distribution

Human conditions such as jobs, transportation, political stability, and access to services that affect where people live.

Ecumene

The parts of Earth's surface that are permanently inhabited by humans.

World’s Major Population Clusters

The four major population clusters are East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia.

Population Density

The number of people living in a given area.

Arithmetic Population Density

The total population divided by the total land area.

Physiological Population Density

The total population divided by the amount of arable (farmable) land.

Agricultural Population Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The largest population an environment can support with its available resources.

Implications of Distribution and Density

The effects of where people live and how crowded an area is, including pressure on resources, services, and the environment.

Overpopulation

A situation in which a population exceeds the available resources needed to support it.

Population Composition

The characteristics of a population, such as age, sex, and other demographic traits.

Population Pyramids

Graphs that show a population's age and sex distribution.

Cohorts

Groups of people who share a characteristic, often being born during the same period.

Birth Deficit

A situation in which the number of births is lower than the number of deaths.

Baby Booms

Periods when birth rates increase significantly.

Baby Busts

Periods when birth rates decrease significantly.

Echoes

Later increases in births caused when a large generation grows up and has children.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependents, usually people under 15 and over 64, to the working-age population.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under age one per 1,000 live births in a year.

Changes in Fertility

Changes in the average number of children people have due to factors such as education, income, healthcare, and access to contraception.

Roles of Women in Society

Women's social, educational, and economic opportunities can influence family size and fertility rates.

Family Planning

The use of methods and services that help people decide whether and when to have children.

Anti-natalist Policies

Government policies intended to reduce birth rates and encourage smaller families.

Maternal Mortality Rate

The rate of deaths related to pregnancy or childbirth, often measured per 100,000 live births.

Sex-Ratio

The number of males compared with the number of females in a population, often expressed as males per 100 females.

Female Infanticide

The intentional killing of a female infant, often connected to discrimination against girls.

Pro-natalist Policies

Government policies intended to encourage people to have more children.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live under current mortality conditions.

Global Population Increase: Better Food Production and Nutrition and Advances in Public Sanitation

Improvements in farming, food supply, nutrition, clean water, and sanitation helped reduce deaths and increase global population.

Improvements in Healthcare

Advances in medicine, vaccines, treatment, and disease prevention that reduce death rates and help people live longer.

Demographic Transition

The shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops.

Demographic Transition Model

A model showing how birth rates, death rates, and population growth change as a country develops through different stages.

Connecting the DTM to Population Pyramids

Population pyramids reflect a country's demographic transition stage through their shapes, age structure, and patterns of population growth.

Rate of Natural Increase

The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate, usually expressed as a percentage.

Population Doubling Time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size at its current growth rate.

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model explaining how the main causes of illness and death change as a society develops.

Pandemics

Disease outbreaks that spread across multiple countries or continents and affect many people.

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus's idea that population can grow faster than food production, potentially leading to shortages and crises.

Neo-Malthusians

People who argue that rapid population growth can strain resources and cause environmental and social problems.

Causes and Consequences of Migration

Migration is influenced by economic, social, political, and environmental factors and can affect populations, economies, and cultures.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of people entering an area and the number leaving it.

Net In-migration

When more people move into an area than move out.

Net Out-migration

When more people move out of an area than move in.

International Migration

The movement of people from one country to another.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within the same country.

Interregional Migration

Migration from one region of a country to another region.

Intraregional Migration

Migration within the same region of a country.

Migration’s Push and Pull Factors

Push factors encourage people to leave a place, while pull factors attract people to another place.

Voluntary Migration

Migration in which people choose to move, often for jobs, education, or better living conditions.

Intervening Obstacles

Barriers that make migration more difficult, such as cost, distance, laws, or physical barriers.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

General patterns of migration proposed by geographer Ernst Ravenstein, including that most migrants travel short distances and that economic opportunities are a major motivation.

Distance Decay

The principle that interaction between places generally decreases as the distance between them increases.

Gravity Model

A model predicting that interaction between places increases with their population sizes and decreases with the distance between them.

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages, moving from one place to another before reaching a final destination.

Chain Migration

Migration in which people follow family members, friends, or others from their community to a new location.

Counter Migration

Migration that reverses or moves against an established migration flow, such as returning to a previous home area.

Trends of Global Migration through History

Global migration patterns have changed over time because of exploration, colonization, slavery, industrialization, conflict, and economic opportunities.

Effects of Colonization

Colonization caused the movement of settlers and enslaved or forced populations, changed cultural landscapes, and reshaped population distributions.

Forced Migration

Migration in which people are compelled to leave their homes because of conflict, persecution, disasters, or other threats.

Slavery

A system in which people are treated as property and forced to work without freedom.

Refugees

People who have fled their country because of persecution, conflict, or serious threats to their safety.

Asylum Seekers

People who have left their country and are requesting legal protection in another country while their claim is considered.

Internally Displaced Persons

People forced to leave their homes but who remain within their own country's borders.

Historical Migration Trends in the United States

U.S. migration has included Indigenous displacement, European colonization and immigration, the forced migration of enslaved Africans, westward expansion, and more recent immigration from Latin America and Asia.

Historical Migration Trends in Europe

European migration has included emigration to other continents, movement within Europe, immigration from former colonies, and displacement caused by wars and political changes.

Policies Encouraging Immigration

Government policies that make it easier for people to enter or settle in a country, often to attract workers, families, or needed skills.

Policies Discouraging Immigration

Government policies that restrict entry or settlement through limits, visa rules, border controls, or deportation.

Xenophobia

Fear, dislike, or prejudice toward people perceived as foreigners or from other countries.

Effects of Migration

Migration changes population size and composition and can affect labor markets, culture, public services, families, and economies in both sending and receiving places.

Brain Drain

The loss of educated or highly skilled people from a country or region when they move elsewhere for opportunities.

Remittance

Money migrants send to family members or communities in their place of origin.