07 Gartner & Brush (2016)

definition entrepreneurship (Gartner & Brush)

• entrepreneurship as assembling: planning, coordinating, resources, people, ideas, establishing routines, structures and systems through ongoing interactions that are socially embedded and context-specific

• entrepreneurship as organization-creation: coordinating resources, people, ideas, structures into something that didn't exist before.

cycles of entrepreneurial activity

1. organization creation

   • enactment ↻ selection ⇒ emergence

2. establishing routines

   • selection ↻ retention ⇒ newness

3. changing routines

   • newness ↻ emergence ⇒ transformation

characteristics emergence

• process of organization creation (before the organization fully exists)

main concerns emergence

• imagine possibilities

• identify opportunites

• assemble resources

• establish boundaries

• build trust

• try to make the venture viable

key issues emergence

• vision formation

• tacit-to-explicit-knowledge sharing

• resource acquisition

• legitimacy building

• convincing other to participate

characteristics newness

• once an organization exists and must survive under selection pressures while developing routines

main concerns newness

• legitimacy

• resource commitments

• internal coordination

• knowledge transfer

• specialization

• formalization of procedures and structures

key issues newness

• liability of newness

• liability of size

characteristics transformation

• profound change in an established organization

main concerns transformation

• shifts in….

  • strategy

  • products

  • customers

  • capabilities

  • leadership

  • structure

  • competitive position

key issues transformation

• abandoning old orientation

• revising routines

• creating new knowledge and direction

• can involve mergers, acqusitions, leadership change or broader strategic renewal