REAL Scientific Principles and S&C Exam 3

Which of the following is the primary mechanism behind strength gains in preadolescents?

a. muscular hyperplasia

b. muscular hypertrophy

c. circulating hormones

d. neural factors

D. Neural Factors

Which statement about resistance training in youth is true?

a. Bone growth is stunted because epiphyseal plates break.

b. Girls who lift will become bulky and muscle bound.

c. Only children who have hit puberty see benefits.

d. Children should be mature enough to understand directions.

D. Children should be mature enough to understand directions

In older adults who do not perform resistance training, which of the following typically increases with age?

a. muscular endurance

b. muscular metabolic capacity

c. body fat

d. resting metabolic rate

C. Body Fat

Which of the following is generally discouraged for older adults due to the sudden rise in blood pressure it can cause?

a. power training

b. balance and flexibility training

c. Valsalva maneuver

d. stair climbing

C. Valsalva maneuver

The current recommendations of power training in older adults include using a weight that is ___% to ___% of that movement's 1RM.

a. 20; 35

b. 40; 60

c. 65; 70

d. 75; 85

B. 40; 60

During the first trimester of pregnancy, cardiac output changes by

a. increasing 20%

b. decreasing 20%

c. increasing 40%

d. decreasing 40%

A. increasing 20%

During the second trimester of pregnancy, it is recommended that the pregnant female should avoid _____ positions.

a. incline

b. side-lying

c. supine

d. vertical

C. supine

Hypertrophy and changes in cross-sectional area are similar between females and males through the initial _____ weeks of resistance training.

a. 16

b. 24

c. 32

d. 48

A. 16

Which of the following statements best describes a sex-based difference in aerobic training adaptations?

a. Females experience greater increase in heart size compared to males.

b. Males have a greater ejection fraction.

c. Females demonstrate a more efficient oxygen cost.

d. Males have a lesser oxygen-carrying capacity.

C. Females demonstrate a more efficient oxygen cost.

When comparing males and females relative to body weight, it appears that the potential for lower body strength is

a. greater in males

b. greater in females

c. similar in males and females

d. dependent on power output

C. similar in males and females

A basketball coach wants to evaluate an athlete's vertical jump ability to determine his or her explosive power for rebounding. Which of the following best demonstrates a valid test for this purpose?

a. counting successful free throws over 5 minutes

b. measuring the number of push-ups completed in 1 minute

c. timing how fast the athlete can run a mile

d. using a vertical jump mat to assess jump height

D. using a vertical jump mat to assess jump height

To maintain content validity, which of the following tests would be excluded from a test battery for soccer players?

a. 3RM overhead barbell press

b. agility test

c. aerobic endurance capacity

d. kicking power

A. 3RM overhead barbell press

During a gymnastics meet, two coaches are independently scoring an athlete's floor routine. The athlete receives significantly different scores from each coach. What does this scenario most likely reflect a problem with?

a. formative evaluation

b. interrater reliability

c. intrasubject variability

d. test validity

B. interrater reliability

A diving coach scores an athlete's performance during a morning practice as a 9 out of 10. Later that same day, the coach watches a video replay of the same dive and scores it a 7. What does this inconsistency most likely indicate?

a. intrasubject variability

b. predictive validity

c. intrarater variability

d. concurrent-correlation coefficient

C. intrarater variability

Following the idea of biomechanical movement pattern specificity, which athlete is LEAST likely to be tested for power using a vertical jump?

a. basketball athlete

b. ice hockey athlete

c. volleyball player

d. rugby player

B. ice hockey athlete

During an isometric test for maximal force production capacity, maximum isometric trials are performed for _____ to _____ seconds.

a. 3; 5

b. 8; 10

c. 12; 15

d. 20; 30

A. 3; 5

What is a key limitation of estimating 1RM in the back squat using the load-velocity profile?

a. It consistently underestimates the athlete's true 1RM.

b. The relationship between load and velocity is nonlinear, making predictions difficult.

c. It consistently overestimates the athlete's 1RM.

d. It can only be used with upper body exercises like the bench press.

C. It consistently overestimates the athlete's 1RM.

During the 300-yard (274-m) shuttle run, how far away are the lines, and how many round trips are made to complete this test?

a. 15 yards (13.7 m) apart with 20 trips

b. 25 yards (22.9 m) apart with 6 trips

c. 30 yards (27.4 m) apart with 10 trips

d. 50 yards (45.7 m) apart with 3 trips

B. 25 yards (22.9 m) apart with 6 trips

For men and women, respectively, which of the following loads should be used for the YMCA bench press test?

a. 45 pounds (18.2 kg) and 15 pounds (6.8 kg)

b. 80 pounds (36.4 kg) and 35 pounds (15.9 kg)

c. 95 pounds (43.2 kg) and 45 pounds (20.5 kg)

d. 135 pounds (61.4 kg) and 65 pounds (29.5 kg)

B. 80 pounds (36.4 kg) and 35 pounds (15.9 kg)

The Star Excursion Balance Test is set up with ____ lines extending out from the center at 45-degree increments.

a. 4

b. 6

c. 8

d. 10

C. 8

The 3 age Groups

Childhood

Adolescence

Older Adults

The 4 growth and development terms

Growth

Development

Maturation

Puberty

The 3 methods of assessing biological maturation

Skeletal age

Sexual Maturation

Somatic

The 4 measurements used to estimate eventual Adult height

Age

Height

Weight

Mid-Parental Height

The 3 factors to consider when training youth

Technical Competency

Training Age

Resistance Training Skill Literacy

The 6 types of resistance equipment for youth

Body Weight

Medicine Balls

Elastic Bands

Dumbbells

Barbells

Child Sized Resistance Machines

The 5 psychological qualities youth programs should develop

Growth Mindset

Self-Determined Motivation

Confidence

Resilience

Perceived Competence

The 4 neural factors behind strength gains in preadolescents

Motor Unit Activation

Synchronization

Motor Unit Recruitment

Firing Rate

The 6 ways to help prevent overuse injuries

Proper preparation

Delayed sport specialization

Time off from sports

Proper nutrition

Proper sleep

Coach education

The 3 traditional early-specialization sports

Gymnastics

Dance

Swimming

The 2 contributors to muscle atrophy with aging

Physical inactivity

Gradual denervation of type II muscle fibers

The 3 factors to review before training older adults

Preexisting medical conditions

Previous training history

Nutritional status

Test results are valuable only when two key criteria are

met

Validity

Reliability

4 types of validity

construct validity

face validity

content validity

criterion validity.

4 dimensions of specificity

Movement patterns

Muscle groups targeted

Primary energy systems

Skill level and complexity

3 environmental factors that influence test performance

room temp, noise, lighting

4 primary sources of measurement Error

Intrasubject Variability

Lack of interrupter reliability

Intrarater Variability

Failure of the test itself

Scientific test sequencing order

1. non fatiguing

2. agility

3. max operand strength

4. sprint

5. local endurance

6. fatiguing anaerobic

7. aerobic capacity

3 recovery intervals

sub-max trials - >2 minutes

max trials - >3 minutes

Battery - >5 minutes

Females who regularly participate in Resistance Training improve?

Health

Reduce risk of degenerative diseases

injury rates

enhance overall sport performance

ACL injury risk factors

Femoral notch size

Greater tibial slope

Ligament laxity

Neuromuscular deficiency

Non-contact ACL injury movements

Deceleration

Lateral pivoting

Landing

Female muscle/Strength Hormones

Testosterone

Growth hormone family

IGF-1

Cortisol

2 menstral cycle hormones

Estradiol

Progesterone

Female athlete mental health concerns

Burnout

Eating disorders

Disordered eating

Anxiety

Depression

Maximum muscular strength tests

Dynamic

Isometric

2 energy sources for explosive tests

ATP

Phosphocreatine

Body composition methods

Skinfold measurements

Circumference measurements