Test 3 Section 11 & 12

Sixteenth Amendment

Authorized Congress to levy an income tax in 1913, aimed at redistributing wealth and reducing reliance on tariffs, leading to the federal income tax system.

Seventeenth Amendment

Ratified in 1913, established direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote, aiming to reduce corruption and increase accountability in the Senate.

Eighteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1919, prohibited alcoholic beverages' manufacture, sale, and transportation, leading to the Prohibition era until its repeal in 1933.

Nineteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote, culminating the women's suffrage movement and advancing women's rights and political empowerment.

Interstate Commerce Act

Enacted in 1887, regulated the railroad industry, aimed to prevent unfair practices, and marked the beginning of federal regulation of the economy.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Passed in 1862 and 1890, provided federal land for agricultural and mechanical colleges, promoting education and economic development.

Homestead Act

Enacted in 1862, granted 160 acres of land to settlers, encouraging westward expansion and shaping demographic patterns in the U.S.

Railroad Act

Passed in 1862, authorized land grants for railroad construction, stimulating economic growth and national development.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Enacted in 1890, aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition, influencing future antitrust legislation and business regulation.

Pension Act of 1890

Provided pensions for Union veterans, expanding the government's role in veterans' welfare and social security.

Federal Reserve Act

Passed in 1913, established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the money supply and financial stability.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Enacted in 1930, raised tariffs to protect domestic industries, contributing to the Great Depression's worsening.

Dawes Severalty Act

Passed in 1887, aimed to assimilate Native Americans, leading to loss of tribal lands and cultural disruption.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Enacted in 1914, strengthened antitrust laws, exempting labor unions, and shaping modern antitrust regulations.

Meat Inspection Act

Passed in 1906, mandated federal meat inspection to ensure safety and improve food standards.

Pure Food & Drug Act

Enacted in 1906, regulated food and drug safety, leading to the establishment of the FDA and modern consumer protection.

Immigration Quota Act (1921)

Established numerical limits on immigration, restricting immigration and implementing quotas based on nationality.

Immigration Quota Act (1924)

Further restricted immigration, aiming to preserve the American population's ethnic composition and reflecting nativist sentiments.