Key Concepts in Geography: Waves, Erosion, and Sustainable Development

Constructive wave

process is deposition. creates/builds.

Destructive waves

process is erosion. Destroys and removes beach materials.

erosion

earth materials are worn away and transported to new locations by agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity.

deposition

water builds new things

biocapacity

represents the absolute limit of what Earth can provide

HDI (Human Development Index)

a measure of a country's standard of living, including health and education

Rapid growth pyramid

Looks like a typical pyramid with a large base. Means poor health care and short life expectancies. Developing countries.

Slow or stable growth pyramid

Little change in the lower pyramid: good health care, long life expectancy, stable government. Develop, middle-income.

Negative or declining growth population pyramid

middle section is wider than the top and bottom. Developed countries. good everything. Birth rates are lower than needed to replace the population.

MDG: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:

Goal: reduce extreme poverty and hunger around the world.

Success: poverty 1.9b - 836m in 2015.

Weakness: 800m+ still in extreme conditions

MDG: achieve universal primary education

Goal: All children complete primary school

Success: enrollment 83% - 91%.

Weakness: 57m children still out of school

MDG: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal: Equal opportunities for women and girls.

Success: 74-103 girls per 100 boys in South Asia.

Weakness: Inequality remained in jobs, wages, and leadership

MDG Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Goal: Protect the environment and improve water/sanitation

Success: 2.6b gained improved drinking water

Weakness: 2.4b still lacked improved sanitation.