unit 2b part two ancient italy

Flavian amphitheater

From evil emperor Nero’s villa, only thing left from remodeling

“True arches”

Vault is arch tunnel, groin vault is 4 perpendicular arches

Made of concrete

Storage rooms below

Held gladiatorial games, mock battles

Many entrances

Seating aligned w social class

Contrusction started with Vespasian, ends w Titus

Forum of Trajan

August builds mock town in his honor, deityfying himself

Other leaders follow, making imperial forums

Presidential library essentially

Nerva is first of the 5 good emperor’s, then Trajan, then Hadrian

Durjing the high empire

Apollodeus of Damascus is architect, commissioned by Trajan

Trajans ashes are in the column

Pantheon

2nd century

Doric order in front of

Dome for god equality

Home of many gods

Geometrical designs, off set coffers for optical illusion

High tension

Has sun roof (occulus)

140 ft tall

Hadrian was responsible for rebuilding it, Marcus Agrippa original patron, during Augustus rule

Largest unreinforced concrete dome

Floor represented earth, the top of the dome the heavens

Tomb of Raphael

Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus

Romans were cremated before the 2nd - 3rd century

Change coming, og gods stop being worshipped

New eastern cults: isis, Mithras (x on forehead), Christ

Depicting chaos of Roman’s and barbarians w no negative space

Anti classicism

Some Would have blank middle character for the person who’s sarcophagus it was to be watched into

Found in tomb near the porta tiburtina

Portrait of the 4 tetrarchs

3rd century crisis:

• increase of barbaric tribes

• Emperors killed

Diocletian splits empire in two, his rule a richer side

Establishes east and west successors

Rule of tetrarchs (4)

Primary = Augusti

Secondary = Caesar

the artwork ~~~

Made of porphyry

Shows Contstantuis (C), Maximian (A), Galerius (C), Diocletian (A)

Anti classical

Symbol of Roman military, the eagle, on sword

Ideas in Roman culture are changing

Placed in Saint Marx Cathedreal in Venice

Originally was in Byzantium

(Spolia: practice of taking and reusing art in new works)

Purple is color of empires

made to project stability, collective solidarity, and imperial order after many civil wars. It was placed in a high traffic urban space high up, sending a message that the newly divided government was harmonious, heavily armed, and indivisible.