End of American Revolution (Unit 3) 1783-1823

Articles of Confederation (1781–1789)

• Created a weak central government (no power to tax, regulate commerce, or enforce laws)
  
  

• Successes: Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (set rules for western settlement and statehood; banned slavery in the Northwest Territory)
  
  

• Weaknesses: Economic chaos, interstate disputes, and inability to deal with Britain/Spain effectively

Shays’ Rebellion (1786–87)

Massachusetts farmers protested debt and taxes; exposed weakness of the Articles and need for a stronger central government

Major Compromises

Great Compromise

3/5 Compromise

Federalism

Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature (House based on population; Senate equal representation)

3/5 Compromise

 Counted enslaved persons as 3/5 for representation and taxation

Federalism

Division of power between state and national governments

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• Federalists (Hamilton, Madison, Jay): Strong central government; wrote The Federalist Papers
  
  

• Anti-Federalists (Henry, Mason): Feared tyranny; demanded a Bill of Rights

Ratification (1788) → Bill of Rights (1791)

added to protect individual liberties

George Washington (1789–1797)

Precedents

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Whiskey Rebellion

Foreign Policy

Precedents:

Two terms, cabinet, neutrality in foreign affairs

Hamilton’s Financial Plan:

• National bank, assumption of state debts, excise tax, tariffs
  
  

• Controversy: Strict vs. loose interpretation of the Constitution

Whiskey Rebellion (1794):

Federal authority confirmed/supported

Foreign Policy

Neutrality Proclamation (1793), Jay’s Treaty (1795)

John Adams (1797–1801)

XYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition Acts

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

XYZ Affair (1797):

Quasi-War with France

-diplomatic incident between French and U.S diplomats that resulted in an undeclared and limited war.

-French demanded bribes but Americans Refused and left

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):

Limited free speech; targeted immigrants

Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1800

Policies

Marbury v. Madison

Louisiana Purchase

Embargo Act

Election of 1800

“Revolution of 1800”—peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans

Jefferson Policies:

Reduced federal power, military spending; kept national bank

Marbury v. Madison (1803):

Established judicial review
-Marshall

Louisiana Purchase (1803):

Doubled U.S. size; used loose construction to justify

-U.S buys land from France

Embargo Act (1807):

Cut off trade to avoid war → economic disaster, especially in New England

James Madison (1809-1817)

Causes of War of 1812

War of 1812

Battle of New Orlans and Hartford Convention

Treaty of Ghent

Causes of War of 1812:

British impressment(forcing into arms), trade restrictions, arming of Native Americans

War of 1812 (1812–1815):

• Mixed success militarily; burned Washington, D.C.
  
  

• Battle of New Orleans (1815): Andrew Jackson became hero
  
  

• Hartford Convention (1814): Federalists opposed war; contributed to their decline

Treaty of Ghent (1814):

Restored prewar boundaries (status quo ante bellum)

-Ended war of 1812

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

James Monroe

Monroe Doctrine

James Monroe(1817-1825)

One party rule

Nationalism and Economic Growth

Henry Clay’s American System

Panic of 1819

Missouri Compromise

One-party rule

Democratic Republicans

Nationalism and Economic Growth:

Henry Clay’s American System: Tariff of 1816 (protective), 2nd Bank of the U.S., internal improvements (roads, canals)

Panic of 1819:

Economic depression; resentment of the Bank of the U.S

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri = slave state, Maine = free state
  
  

• 36°30′ line = future limit of slavery
  
  

• Temporarily balanced sectional tensions

Monroe Doctrine 1823

• Declared Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonization
  
  

• U.S. would stay out of European affairs
  
  

• Reflected nationalism and growing U.S. confidence
  
  

• Enforcement relied on British naval power, though the U.S. took credit

Marshall Court

Marbury v Madison

McCulloch v Maryland

Gibbons v Ogden

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819

Federal power over states; Bank is constitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

Federal government regulates interstate commerce