Pathology Immunology review

True or false: An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system does not recognize its own body’s cells as “self”

True

which of the following is an example of nonspecific immunity

All answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT an area of the body where lymph nodes are found?

spinal cord

Protective barriers against pathogens include

skin and mucous membrane

The respiratory tissue is able to sweep the pathogens out because of the presence of

ciliated/ hair-like structures on cells

The stomach produces gastric juice or

hydrocloric acid

which enzyme is found in tears and saliva which inhibits bacterial growth

lysozyme

WHat migrates out of circulation and into the tissues to help destory pathogens

White blood cells

All lymphocytes that circulate in the tissues arise from primitive cells in the bone marrow called

stem cells

macrophages develop from

monocytes

What is unique to adaptive immunity

Memory of previous infections

What is foreign to host cells that stimulate an immune response

Antigens

What cells are responsible for producing antibodies

Plasma (activated B) cells

Innate immunte does not

produce antibodies

What is the most abundant antibody in human blood

IgG

All lymphocytes arise from stem cells in the bone marrow or

fetal liver

what destroys virus infected cells and early stage cancer cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells

The most abundant phagocytic wbc

Neutrophils

what are monocytes which migrated out of circulation into the tissue, release cytokines and phagocytize pathogens

Macrophages

What is not a sign of inflammation

paleness

What do memory cells do?

They provide faster and stronger response upon re-exposure

Release of chemicals such as histamine from mast cells and basophils, causing blood vessels to

dilate

due to blood vessels dilating, what happens to the permeability

it increases

Vaccines work by stimulating which part of the immune system?

Adaptive immunity to form memory cells

Which type of cells mature in bone marrow

B-cells

What type of cells mature in the thymus

T-cells

What is the "shape" of an antibody?

“Y”

Which molecule is responsible for presenting antigen fragments to T cells?

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules

The primary function of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) is:

Killing infected host cells

Why do B cells have numerous ribosomes?

to produce and secrete thousands of antibodies per second

what line of defense is antibodies

3rd line of defense

what line of defense is nonspecific defense

1st & 2nd line of defense

what line of defense is specific defense

3rd line of defense

what line of defense is antigen specific

3rd line of defense

what line of defense is inflammation

2nd line of defense

what line of defense is skin

1st line of defense

what line of defense is T cells and B cells

3rd line of defense

what line of defense is phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)

2nd line of defense

what line of defense is NK cells

2nd line of defense

what line of defense is mucous membrane and secretions

1st line of defense

What are the two main branches of adaptive immunity?

Humoral and cell-mediated

Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) primarily function to:

Activate B cells and other immune cells

True or false: An antibody will attempt to destroy any antigen that gets past the first and second line of defense.

False

Immunoglobulins are another name for

antibodies

what is not a pathogen

pollen

chemical released to attract more cells

cytokines

what chemical which makes capillaries more permeable and causes vasodilation

histamine

enzyme cascade that helps prevent infection by activating a local inflammatory response

complement

what do t cells do?

destroy infected or cancerous cells

What is active immunity?

develops a response to an infection

What is passive immunity

transfer of humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies

What is helper T-cells

they activate other immune cells

WHat do cytotoxic t cells do

kill infected or cancerous cells.

What do macrophages do

Engulf and digest pathogens

What do Dendritic cells do

Capture antigens and present them to T-cells

What is a complement system

A group of proteins that help destroy microbes

What are cytokines

Chemical messengers that coordinate immune response